TRIMP

A chart of different TRIMP calculations against heart rate.

There are various ways of measuring the impact of exercise and these measures are often termed "Training Impulse", or TRIMP (TRaining IMPulse). The simplest approach is to use training volume (mileage or time), but it is better to use Heart Rate. There are various Heart Rate methods to establish training load with varying degrees of complexity and sophistication. It is also possible to use perceived exertion or other metrics. It should be remembered that All models are wrong, especially when we are trying to model something as sophisticated as the human body. Running at an easy pace for a long distance creates different training stresses from a shorter distance at a high intensity, and the two cannot really be equated in a usable model. However, some metric is important if we are to evaluate and understand a training program. TRIMP can be used to Model Human Performance to evaluate the effect of training over time.

1 Training Volume

The simplest and most common way of measuring training stress is to use training volume; either mileage or time. This approach is attractive because it is simple, but it does not take into account exercise intensity. Running 10 miles at an easy pace is far removed from 10 miles of hard Interval Training.

2 TRIMP^cr10 Session RPE Scaling

Using a Rating of Perceived Exertion has the advantage of needing no technology. At the end of the training session (ideally within 30 min. of finishing) the athlete rates the intensity of the session using the Borg CR10 RPE scale. This scale goes from 0 to 10+, and multiplying this session RPE value by the session time in minutes gives a value for the training load of that session. So if an athlete runs for two hours and rates this as an RPE of six, the TRIMP^cr10would be 120 x 6 = 720. The units for this session load are not absolute, nor of a really comparable between athletes. The subjective nature of the RPE scale can introduce some repeatability problems. Also, the last part of the workout tends to disproportionately influence how the athlete perceives the overall exertion. However, while this method lacks the precision of a Heart Rate based training load, it does include some aspect of the athletes Mood State, which may be useful in determining Overtraining Syndrome. In addition, the perceived exertion may work better for workouts such as weight training, or plyometrics, where Heart Rate alone does not truly capture the training load.

3 TRIMP^avg Average Heart Rate Scaling

The simplest and most basic form of using Heart Rate to evaluate training load is to simply multiply the average Heart Rate for a workout by the time in minutes. So if an athlete runs for two hours with an average Heart Rate of 140 BPM, the TRIMP^avg is 120 x 140 = 16,800. This method has the advantage of using the absolute measure of Heart Rate, and the simplicity of a trivial calculation. However, the floor in this method is that the average Heart Rate does not really reflect the difficulty of a workout. Consider two workouts, each an hour-long. The first is a steady-state workout with a Heart Rate of 130 BPM. The second workout is an interval training session, where 50 min. is spent at around 120 BPM with 10 min. of intervals and 180 BPM which is also an average of 130 BPM. Both workouts have a TRIMP^avg of 60 \*130 = 7,800. The equivalent TRIMP^avg suggests that both workouts are equally difficult, but in practice the interval training is much harder.

4 TRIMP^zone Heart Rate Zone Scaling

A slightly better approach is based around Heart Rate zones. Instead of treating Heart Rate is a continuous range of values, it is divided up into different zones. These zones are based on the percentage of the Maximum Heart Rate (HR_max). One common approach is based around the book by Sally Edwards that uses a five zones and assigns each a scaling factor as shown below.

% HRmax	Scale
50-60%	1
60-70%	2
70-80%	3
80-90%	4
90-100%	5

This approach works well if you are using a Heart Rate Monitor that will display the times spent in each zone, but without transferring the details to a computer for more sophisticated analysis. However, there are some serious flaws in this technique. The most obvious is that a small change in heart rate could move from one zone to another, which could double the TRIMP^zone score. The scaling factors are also linear, but moving from 50-60% HR_max to 60-70% is far less than doubling the difficulty. By contrast, exercising at 100% rather than 90% is far harder than the 0.25 increase scaling factor would suggest. Finally, using %HRmax is inferior to using Heart Rate Reserve.

5 TRIMP^exp Exponential Heart Rate Scaling

A more sophisticated approach uses Heart Rate Reserve and an exponential scaling factor to account for the fact that higher intensity training as a disproportionately high training impact. The formula for calculating TRIMP^exp is

TRIMPexp = sum(D x HRr x 0.64ey)

Where

• D is the duration in minutes at a particular Heart Rate
• HR_r is the Heart Rate as a fraction of Heart Rate Reserve
• y is the HR_r multiplied by 1.92 for men and 1.67 for women.

These constants were developed based on the experimentally observed relationship between heart rate and lactate level. For men this will give a TRIMP value of 0 to 4.37 per minute and for women 0 to 3.4.

5.1 Worked Example

A worked example would be a male athlete with a HR_max=200 and HR_rest=40 training for 30 min. at 130 BPM. The TRIMP^exp is therefore

TRIMPexp = 30 x (130-40)/(200-40) x 0.64e(1.92x(130-40)/(200-40))

Which simplifies to

TRIMPexp = 30 x 0.56 x 0.64e(1.92x0.56)

Which is a value of 32. This is obviously a simplified example as in reality an athlete heart rate will vary over time. To implement this algorithm requires a software package with access to the records of the heart rate. Thankfully modern Heart Rate Monitors makes this relatively trivial.

6 Power, Lactate, VO₂ Scaling

While heart rate is generally the simplest and most effective way of calculating Training Impulse there are other approaches. For cyclists, it is possible to directly measure power output and to use this to calculate Training Impulse. However the Training Impulse values calculated from power cannot easily be translated for integration with other training methods. It is theoretically possible to calculate Training Impulse based on lactate levels or VO₂, but in practice it is impractical to measure these well training.

7 TRIMP^norm Normalized Scaling

The range of TRIMP^exp and TRIMP^cr10 are not the same. For each minute of exercise the TRIMP^exp varies between 0 and 4.36 for men and between 0 and 3.4 for women, while TRIMP^cr10 varies between 1 and 10. However it is trivial to multiply TRIMP^exp by 0.436 or 0.34 so that the values have similar ranges. This allows for different types of workout to use different schemes, with the results combined. This can be further refined so that TRIMP^norm is set in a prioritized manner:

1. If an intensity has been defined for a workout, use normalized TRIMP^cr10.
2. If a workout has heart rate data available, use TRIMP^exp
3. If it is possible to estimate TRIMP^exp based on other workout data, use that estimation
4. Otherwise use a default intensity to calculate a normalized TRIMP^cr10

This calculation is supported in the SportTracks Dailymile Plugin by setting the calculation method to "Normalized Heart Rate & Intensity" in the plugin settings page:

If the intensity is set on a workout, that intensity overrides the heart rate calculation (this is on the workout tab):