Difference between revisions of "Joint Supplements"
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* There is some suggestion that [[Omega 3]] oils may help with Osteoarthritis<ref name="JointO3GPig"/><ref name="JointO3Most"/>. Given the other health benefits of [[Omega 3]] oils, supplementation should be considered. | * There is some suggestion that [[Omega 3]] oils may help with Osteoarthritis<ref name="JointO3GPig"/><ref name="JointO3Most"/>. Given the other health benefits of [[Omega 3]] oils, supplementation should be considered. | ||
* Higher Vitamin C intake may reduce Osteoarthritis<ref name="JointVitCFraming"/> and 1000mg/day of Vitamin C reduced joint pain, though by less than half what would be expected from [[NSAIDs and Running|NSAIDs]]<ref name="JointVitC1g"/>. Like [[Omega 3]] there may be other benefits to Vitamin C supplementation that make this worthwhile. | * Higher Vitamin C intake may reduce Osteoarthritis<ref name="JointVitCFraming"/> and 1000mg/day of Vitamin C reduced joint pain, though by less than half what would be expected from [[NSAIDs and Running|NSAIDs]]<ref name="JointVitC1g"/>. Like [[Omega 3]] there may be other benefits to Vitamin C supplementation that make this worthwhile. | ||
− | * Some<ref name="JointVitEP1"/><ref name="JointVitEP2"/><ref name=" | + | * Some<ref name="JointVitEP1"/><ref name="JointVitEP2"/><ref name="Scherak-1990"/>, but not all<ref name="Brand-2001"/><ref name="JointVitEN2"/> studies have shown benefit from Vitamin E supplementation. Like the above two supplements, Vitamin E should be considered as there may be other health benefits. |
− | * Devil's Claw, a South African plan extract, may help with joint pain (60mg harpagoside)<ref name=" | + | * Devil's Claw, a South African plan extract, may help with joint pain (60mg harpagoside)<ref name=" Gagnier-2004"/>. However, there is little known about its safety. |
=References= | =References= | ||
<references> | <references> | ||
<ref name="ChondDose">Chondroitin sulfate: Dosing - MayoClinic.com http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chondroitin-sulfate/NS_patient-chondroitin/DSECTION=dosing </ref> | <ref name="ChondDose">Chondroitin sulfate: Dosing - MayoClinic.com http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chondroitin-sulfate/NS_patient-chondroitin/DSECTION=dosing </ref> | ||
<ref name="GlucosDose">Glucosamine: Dosing - MayoClinic.com http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/glucosamine/ns_patient-glucosamine/dsection=dosing </ref> | <ref name="GlucosDose">Glucosamine: Dosing - MayoClinic.com http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/glucosamine/ns_patient-glucosamine/dsection=dosing </ref> | ||
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="Gagnier-2004">JJ. Gagnier, S. Chrubasik, E. Manheimer, Harpgophytum procumbens for osteoarthritis and low back pain: a systematic review., BMC Complement Altern Med, volume 4, pages 13, Sep 2004, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-4-13 10.1186/1472-6882-4-13], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15369596 15369596]</ref> |
− | <ref name="JointVitEN2">Supplementary vitamin E does not affect the loss. | + | <ref name="JointVitEN2">AE. Wluka, S. Stuckey, C. Brand, FM. Cicuttini, Supplementary vitamin E does not affect the loss of cartilage volume in knee osteoarthritis: a 2 year double blind randomized placebo controlled study., J Rheumatol, volume 29, issue 12, pages 2585-91, Dec 2002, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12465157 12465157]</ref> |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="Brand-2001">C. Brand, J. Snaddon, M. Bailey, F. Cicuttini, Vitamin E is ineffective for symptomatic relief of knee osteoarthritis: a six month double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study., Ann Rheum Dis, volume 60, issue 10, pages 946-9, Oct 2001, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557651 11557651]</ref> |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="Scherak-1990">O. Scherak, G. Kolarz, C. Schödl, G. Blankenhorn, High dosage vitamin E therapy in patients with activated arthrosis., Z Rheumatol, volume 49, issue 6, pages 369-73, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2085059 2085059]</ref> |
− | <ref name="JointVitEP2">Clinical effectiveness of | + | <ref name="JointVitEP2">G. Blankenhorn, Clinical effectiveness of Spondyvit (vitamin E) in activated arthroses. A multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study., Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb, volume 124, issue 3, pages 340-3, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1044572 10.1055/s-2008-1044572], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3529677 3529677]</ref> |
− | <ref name="JointVitEP1"> | + | <ref name="JointVitEP1">I. Machtey, L. Ouaknine, Tocopherol in Osteoarthritis: a controlled pilot study., J Am Geriatr Soc, volume 26, issue 7, pages 328-30, Jul 1978, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/350940 350940]</ref> |
− | <ref name="JointVitC1g">Reduced pain from osteoarthritis in hip joint.. | + | <ref name="JointVitC1g">NH. Jensen, [Reduced pain from osteoarthritis in hip joint or knee joint during treatment with calcium ascorbate. A randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial in general practice]., Ugeskr Laeger, volume 165, issue 25, pages 2563-6, Jun 2003, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12854267 12854267]</ref> |
− | <ref name="JointVitCFraming"> | + | <ref name="JointVitCFraming">TE. McAlindon, P. Jacques, Y. Zhang, MT. Hannan, P. Aliabadi, B. Weissman, D. Rush, D. Levy, DT. Felson, Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis?, Arthritis Rheum, volume 39, issue 4, pages 648-56, Apr 1996, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8630116 8630116]</ref> |
− | + | <ref name="JointO3Most"> K.R. Baker, N.R. Matthan, A.H. Lichtenstein, J. Niu, A. Guermazi, F. Roemer, A. Grainger, M.C. Nevitt, M. Clancy, C.E. Lewis, J.C. Torner, D.T. Felson, Association of plasma n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with synovitis in the knee: the MOST study, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, volume 20, issue 5, 2012, pages 382–387, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/10634584 10634584], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2012.01.021 10.1016/j.joca.2012.01.021]</ref> | |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointO3GPig"> L. Knott, N.C. Avery, A.P. Hollander, J.F. Tarlton, Regulation of osteoarthritis by omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in a naturally occurring model of disease, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, volume 19, issue 9, 2011, pages 1150–1157, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/10634584 10634584], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2011.06.005 10.1016/j.joca.2011.06.005]</ref> |
− | + | <ref name="JointASU4">E. Maheu, B. Mazières, JP. Valat, G. Loyau, X. Le Loët, P. Bourgeois, JM. Grouin, S. Rozenberg, Symptomatic efficacy of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial with a six-month treatment period and a two-month followup demonstrating a persistent effect., Arthritis Rheum, volume 41, issue 1, pages 81-91, Jan 1998, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199801)41:1<81::AID-ART11>3.0.CO;2-9 10.1002/1529-0131(199801)41:1<81::AID-ART11>3.0.CO;2-9], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9433873 9433873]</ref> | |
− | + | <ref name="JointASU3">T. Appelboom, J. Schuermans, G. Verbruggen, Y. Henrotin, JY. Reginster, Symptoms modifying effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in knee osteoarthritis. A double blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study., Scand J Rheumatol, volume 30, issue 4, pages 242-7, 2001, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11578021 11578021]</ref> | |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointASU2">F. Blotman, E. Maheu, A. Wulwik, H. Caspard, A. Lopez, Efficacy and safety of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. A prospective, multicenter, three-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial., Rev Rhum Engl Ed, volume 64, issue 12, pages 825-34, Dec 1997, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9476272 9476272]</ref> |
− | + | <ref name="JointASU1">M. Lequesne, E. Maheu, C. Cadet, RL. Dreiser, Structural effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables on joint space loss in osteoarthritis of the hip., Arthritis Rheum, volume 47, issue 1, pages 50-8, Feb 2002, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11932878 11932878]</ref> | |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointNutra"> Laurent G Ameye, Winnie SS Chee, Arthritis Research & Therapy, volume 8, issue 4, 2006, pages R127, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/14786354 14786354], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar2016 10.1186/ar2016]</ref> |
− | + | <ref name="JointGluAbs">S. Persiani, R. Rotini, G. Trisolino, LC. Rovati, M. Locatelli, D. Paganini, D. Antonioli, A. Roda, Synovial and plasma glucosamine concentrations in osteoarthritic patients following oral crystalline glucosamine sulphate at therapeutic dose., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 15, issue 7, pages 764-72, Jul 2007, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.019 10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.019], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17353133 17353133]</ref> | |
− | + | <ref name="JointChAbs2">F. Ronca, L. Palmieri, P. Panicucci, G. Ronca, Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 6 Suppl A, pages 14-21, May 1998, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9743814 9743814]</ref> | |
− | + | <ref name="JointChAbs">A. Conte, N. Volpi, L. Palmieri, I. Bahous, G. Ronca, Biochemical and pharmacokinetic aspects of oral treatment with chondroitin sulfate., Arzneimittelforschung, volume 45, issue 8, pages 918-25, Aug 1995, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7575762 7575762]</ref> | |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointMSMBrain2">A. Lin, CH. Nguy, F. Shic, BD. Ross, Accumulation of methylsulfonylmethane in the human brain: identification by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy., Toxicol Lett, volume 123, issue 2-3, pages 169-77, Sep 2001, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11641045 11641045]</ref> |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointMSMBrain1">SE. Rose, JB. Chalk, GJ. Galloway, DM. Doddrell, Detection of dimethyl sulfone in the human brain by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy., Magn Reson Imaging, volume 18, issue 1, pages 95-8, Jan 2000, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10642107 10642107]</ref> |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointMSM3">PR. Usha, MU. Naidu, Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study of Oral Glucosamine, Methylsulfonylmethane and their Combination in Osteoarthritis., Clin Drug Investig, volume 24, issue 6, pages 353-63, 2004, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17516722 17516722]</ref> |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointMSM2">LS. Kim, LJ. Axelrod, P. Howard, N. Buratovich, RF. Waters, Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 14, issue 3, pages 286-94, Mar 2006, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2005.10.003 10.1016/j.joca.2005.10.003], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16309928 16309928]</ref> |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointMSM">S. Brien, P. Prescott, N. Bashir, H. Lewith, G. Lewith, Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 16, issue 11, pages 1277-88, Nov 2008, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.002 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.002], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417375 18417375]</ref> |
− | + | <ref name="JointNEJM">DO. Clegg, DJ. Reda, CL. Harris, MA. Klein, JR. O'Dell, MM. Hooper, JD. Bradley, CO. Bingham, MH. Weisman, Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis., N Engl J Med, volume 354, issue 8, pages 795-808, Feb 2006, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052771 10.1056/NEJMoa052771], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16495392 16495392]</ref> | |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointAIM"> Florent Richy, Olivier Bruyere, Olivier Ethgen, Michel Cucherat, Yves Henrotin, Jean-Yves Reginster, Structural and Symptomatic Efficacy of Glucosamine and Chondroitin in Knee Osteoarthritis, Archives of Internal Medicine, volume 163, issue 13, 2003, pages 1514, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-9926 0003-9926], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.13.1514 10.1001/archinte.163.13.1514]</ref> |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointBMJ"> S. Wandel, P. Juni, B. Tendal, E. Nuesch, P. M. Villiger, N. J. Welton, S. Reichenbach, S. Trelle, Effects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis, BMJ, volume 341, issue sep16 2, 2010, pages c4675–c4675, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138 0959-8138], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4675 10.1136/bmj.c4675]</ref> |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointAnnIM">S. Reichenbach, R. Sterchi, M. Scherer, S. Trelle, E. Bürgi, U. Bürgi, PA. Dieppe, P. Jüni, Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip., Ann Intern Med, volume 146, issue 8, pages 580-90, Apr 2007, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438317 17438317]</ref> |
− | <ref name=" | + | <ref name="JointArthRheum">SC. Vlad, MP. LaValley, TE. McAlindon, DT. Felson, Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: why do trial results differ?, Arthritis Rheum, volume 56, issue 7, pages 2267-77, Jul 2007, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.22728 10.1002/art.22728], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599746 17599746]</ref> |
</references> | </references> |
Revision as of 14:27, 28 October 2017
![](/mediawiki/images/thumb/a/a9/KneePainFigure_m_flip.jpg/400px-KneePainFigure_m_flip.jpg)
The joint supplements glucosamine and chondroitin provide marginal benefit, but are considered safe. They may be worth considering if you can justify the expense. Other supplements such as Omega 3 oils and Vitamin C/E may be worth considering.
1 Glucosamine and chondroitin
Chondroitin is an important component of joint cartilage and glucosamine is building block for other joint structures. Both chondroitin and glucosamine taken orally reach the joint space[1][2][3]. There have been over 500 studies of glucosamine and chondroitin[4], and analysis of the best of the studies show only a marginal benefit[5][6][7] or provide benefit only to a subgroup of suffers[8]. These benefits do not meet the requirements to be generally considered clinically important[5]. However, given the safety of these supplements, they may be worth considering if your income is sufficient.
1.1 Dosage
Doses of less than 800 mg/day of chondroitin or less than 1500 mg/day of glucosamine are considered sub-therapeutic[5], but there is no indication of appropriate dose. The Mayo Clinic suggest 500mg Glucosamine sulfate three times a day or 20mg per Kg body weight[9] and 200-400mg chondroitin 2-3 times daily[10]. These doses are based on those commonly used in studies.
2 Cost
I found glucosamine and chondroitin available online for about $10/month. Look carefully at the ingredients to check how many capsules make up the stated dose when calculating the daily cost.
3 Food for joints
There have been over 2,000 studies of related to nutrition and Osteoarthritis, but only 53 are of sufficient quality to be useful[11]. Some options that may be worth considering include:
- Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a less well known joint supplement than glucosamine and chondroitin, with far less studies available. There is some support for MSM helping with joint pain[12][13], but not enough to give confidence as to its effectiveness or safety[14]. MSM does cross the blood/brain barrier[15][16] and may cause headaches[12]. (I believe MSM was a trigger for my migraines.)
- The supplement "avocado/soybean unsaponifiables" has shown positive results in studies[17][18][19][20]. However, this supplement has not been widely studies for effectiveness or long term safety.
- There is some suggestion that Omega 3 oils may help with Osteoarthritis[21][22]. Given the other health benefits of Omega 3 oils, supplementation should be considered.
- Higher Vitamin C intake may reduce Osteoarthritis[23] and 1000mg/day of Vitamin C reduced joint pain, though by less than half what would be expected from NSAIDs[24]. Like Omega 3 there may be other benefits to Vitamin C supplementation that make this worthwhile.
- Some[25][26][27], but not all[28][29] studies have shown benefit from Vitamin E supplementation. Like the above two supplements, Vitamin E should be considered as there may be other health benefits.
- Devil's Claw, a South African plan extract, may help with joint pain (60mg harpagoside)[30]. However, there is little known about its safety.
4 References
- ↑ A. Conte, N. Volpi, L. Palmieri, I. Bahous, G. Ronca, Biochemical and pharmacokinetic aspects of oral treatment with chondroitin sulfate., Arzneimittelforschung, volume 45, issue 8, pages 918-25, Aug 1995, PMID 7575762
- ↑ F. Ronca, L. Palmieri, P. Panicucci, G. Ronca, Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 6 Suppl A, pages 14-21, May 1998, PMID 9743814
- ↑ S. Persiani, R. Rotini, G. Trisolino, LC. Rovati, M. Locatelli, D. Paganini, D. Antonioli, A. Roda, Synovial and plasma glucosamine concentrations in osteoarthritic patients following oral crystalline glucosamine sulphate at therapeutic dose., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 15, issue 7, pages 764-72, Jul 2007, doi 10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.019, PMID 17353133
- ↑ Florent Richy, Olivier Bruyere, Olivier Ethgen, Michel Cucherat, Yves Henrotin, Jean-Yves Reginster, Structural and Symptomatic Efficacy of Glucosamine and Chondroitin in Knee Osteoarthritis, Archives of Internal Medicine, volume 163, issue 13, 2003, pages 1514, ISSN 0003-9926, doi 10.1001/archinte.163.13.1514
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 S. Wandel, P. Juni, B. Tendal, E. Nuesch, P. M. Villiger, N. J. Welton, S. Reichenbach, S. Trelle, Effects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis, BMJ, volume 341, issue sep16 2, 2010, pages c4675–c4675, ISSN 0959-8138, doi 10.1136/bmj.c4675
- ↑ S. Reichenbach, R. Sterchi, M. Scherer, S. Trelle, E. Bürgi, U. Bürgi, PA. Dieppe, P. Jüni, Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip., Ann Intern Med, volume 146, issue 8, pages 580-90, Apr 2007, PMID 17438317
- ↑ SC. Vlad, MP. LaValley, TE. McAlindon, DT. Felson, Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: why do trial results differ?, Arthritis Rheum, volume 56, issue 7, pages 2267-77, Jul 2007, doi 10.1002/art.22728, PMID 17599746
- ↑ DO. Clegg, DJ. Reda, CL. Harris, MA. Klein, JR. O'Dell, MM. Hooper, JD. Bradley, CO. Bingham, MH. Weisman, Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis., N Engl J Med, volume 354, issue 8, pages 795-808, Feb 2006, doi 10.1056/NEJMoa052771, PMID 16495392
- ↑ Glucosamine: Dosing - MayoClinic.com http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/glucosamine/ns_patient-glucosamine/dsection=dosing
- ↑ Chondroitin sulfate: Dosing - MayoClinic.com http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chondroitin-sulfate/NS_patient-chondroitin/DSECTION=dosing
- ↑ Laurent G Ameye, Winnie SS Chee, Arthritis Research & Therapy, volume 8, issue 4, 2006, pages R127, ISSN 14786354, doi 10.1186/ar2016
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 LS. Kim, LJ. Axelrod, P. Howard, N. Buratovich, RF. Waters, Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 14, issue 3, pages 286-94, Mar 2006, doi 10.1016/j.joca.2005.10.003, PMID 16309928
- ↑ PR. Usha, MU. Naidu, Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study of Oral Glucosamine, Methylsulfonylmethane and their Combination in Osteoarthritis., Clin Drug Investig, volume 24, issue 6, pages 353-63, 2004, PMID 17516722
- ↑ S. Brien, P. Prescott, N. Bashir, H. Lewith, G. Lewith, Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 16, issue 11, pages 1277-88, Nov 2008, doi 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.002, PMID 18417375
- ↑ SE. Rose, JB. Chalk, GJ. Galloway, DM. Doddrell, Detection of dimethyl sulfone in the human brain by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy., Magn Reson Imaging, volume 18, issue 1, pages 95-8, Jan 2000, PMID 10642107
- ↑ A. Lin, CH. Nguy, F. Shic, BD. Ross, Accumulation of methylsulfonylmethane in the human brain: identification by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy., Toxicol Lett, volume 123, issue 2-3, pages 169-77, Sep 2001, PMID 11641045
- ↑ M. Lequesne, E. Maheu, C. Cadet, RL. Dreiser, Structural effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables on joint space loss in osteoarthritis of the hip., Arthritis Rheum, volume 47, issue 1, pages 50-8, Feb 2002, PMID 11932878
- ↑ F. Blotman, E. Maheu, A. Wulwik, H. Caspard, A. Lopez, Efficacy and safety of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. A prospective, multicenter, three-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial., Rev Rhum Engl Ed, volume 64, issue 12, pages 825-34, Dec 1997, PMID 9476272
- ↑ T. Appelboom, J. Schuermans, G. Verbruggen, Y. Henrotin, JY. Reginster, Symptoms modifying effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in knee osteoarthritis. A double blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study., Scand J Rheumatol, volume 30, issue 4, pages 242-7, 2001, PMID 11578021
- ↑ E. Maheu, B. Mazières, JP. Valat, G. Loyau, X. Le Loët, P. Bourgeois, JM. Grouin, S. Rozenberg, Symptomatic efficacy of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial with a six-month treatment period and a two-month followup demonstrating a persistent effect., Arthritis Rheum, volume 41, issue 1, pages 81-91, Jan 1998, doi <81::AID-ART11>3.0.CO;2-9 10.1002/1529-0131(199801)41:1<81::AID-ART11>3.0.CO;2-9, PMID 9433873
- ↑ L. Knott, N.C. Avery, A.P. Hollander, J.F. Tarlton, Regulation of osteoarthritis by omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in a naturally occurring model of disease, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, volume 19, issue 9, 2011, pages 1150–1157, ISSN 10634584, doi 10.1016/j.joca.2011.06.005
- ↑ K.R. Baker, N.R. Matthan, A.H. Lichtenstein, J. Niu, A. Guermazi, F. Roemer, A. Grainger, M.C. Nevitt, M. Clancy, C.E. Lewis, J.C. Torner, D.T. Felson, Association of plasma n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with synovitis in the knee: the MOST study, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, volume 20, issue 5, 2012, pages 382–387, ISSN 10634584, doi 10.1016/j.joca.2012.01.021
- ↑ TE. McAlindon, P. Jacques, Y. Zhang, MT. Hannan, P. Aliabadi, B. Weissman, D. Rush, D. Levy, DT. Felson, Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis?, Arthritis Rheum, volume 39, issue 4, pages 648-56, Apr 1996, PMID 8630116
- ↑ NH. Jensen, [Reduced pain from osteoarthritis in hip joint or knee joint during treatment with calcium ascorbate. A randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial in general practice]., Ugeskr Laeger, volume 165, issue 25, pages 2563-6, Jun 2003, PMID 12854267
- ↑ I. Machtey, L. Ouaknine, Tocopherol in Osteoarthritis: a controlled pilot study., J Am Geriatr Soc, volume 26, issue 7, pages 328-30, Jul 1978, PMID 350940
- ↑ G. Blankenhorn, Clinical effectiveness of Spondyvit (vitamin E) in activated arthroses. A multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study., Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb, volume 124, issue 3, pages 340-3, doi 10.1055/s-2008-1044572, PMID 3529677
- ↑ O. Scherak, G. Kolarz, C. Schödl, G. Blankenhorn, High dosage vitamin E therapy in patients with activated arthrosis., Z Rheumatol, volume 49, issue 6, pages 369-73, PMID 2085059
- ↑ C. Brand, J. Snaddon, M. Bailey, F. Cicuttini, Vitamin E is ineffective for symptomatic relief of knee osteoarthritis: a six month double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study., Ann Rheum Dis, volume 60, issue 10, pages 946-9, Oct 2001, PMID 11557651
- ↑ AE. Wluka, S. Stuckey, C. Brand, FM. Cicuttini, Supplementary vitamin E does not affect the loss of cartilage volume in knee osteoarthritis: a 2 year double blind randomized placebo controlled study., J Rheumatol, volume 29, issue 12, pages 2585-91, Dec 2002, PMID 12465157
- ↑ JJ. Gagnier, S. Chrubasik, E. Manheimer, Harpgophytum procumbens for osteoarthritis and low back pain: a systematic review., BMC Complement Altern Med, volume 4, pages 13, Sep 2004, doi 10.1186/1472-6882-4-13, PMID 15369596