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=GPS Short and long measurements=
As you can see from the images below, the GPS track tends to take shortcuts around bends, reducing the length of the measured track. This cutting of the corners indicates the devices are doing some post-hoc smoothing to try to overcome the GPS errors. The more smoothing they do, the better the accuracy is likely to be in a straight line and the worse it is around corners or twisty courses. In my discussions with engineers working on GPS systems, this type of smoothing is often performed with a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman_filter Kalman filter]. (When I tested using software without smoothing I found the measurements were long on my course rather than short, which is almost always the case.)[[File:GPS Shortcuts.jpg|none|thumb|500px|The GPS tracks in red with blue dots representing each GPS point recorded. The arrow points showing the tendency to cut the corners on the actual path takencurves.]]
Often GPS measurements of races, especially marathons record a longer distance than the race. This is partly because the USATF technique for measuring the distance takes a path that is no more than 12 inches away from the tangent (corner), and few runners are able to run that close. In a large marathon you can be forced to take a line that is a long way from the tangent. The other factor is that on a straight line, the GPS error tends to give a slightly longer measurement.
[[File:GPS Marathon.jpg|none|thumb|500px|Here you can see the GPS line is not following the straight road, giving a longer reading on the Thunder Road Marathon. Notice that the GPS is also cutting the corner at the top (we didn't run through the building).]]
