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|[[File:MarathonFiberDamage.jpg|none|thumb|400px|The selective pattern of damage, showing the normal upper fiber adjacent to the 'moth eaten' appearance of the damaged lower fiber.]]
|[[File:MarathonFiberDamage2.jpg|thumb|400px|Here you can see extreme damage, with only the Z band of the fiber remaining (marked Z). Adjacent fibers show far less damage.]]
|}
=Glycogen and other fuels=
Glycogen is one of several types of fuel the human body can metabolize. Below is a table describing the characteristics of the primary types of fuel<ref name="plowman-2007"/>. Some important notes:
* Carbohydrate requires less oxygen than fat to produce a calorie of energy.
* Muscles generally burn BCAA<ref name="plowman-2007"/>.
* The ratio of O<sub>2</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> is called the respiratory quotient or RQ.
* The figures for fat assume full metabolism rather than a ketogenic state. A ketogenic metabolism of fat can result in an RQ below 0.7<ref name="Schutz-1980"/>.
* It is possible for RQ to be above 1.0 if the carbohydrate is converted to fat rather than metabolized<ref name="Gottschlich-2001"/>.
{| class="wikitable"
! Fuel Type
! colspan="2"|
Carbohydrate
! colspan="2"|
Protein
! Fat
|-
| Form
| Glucose
| Glycogen
| Non-BCAA
| BCAA
| Fatty Acids
|-
| Oxygen needed per gram (l/g)
| 0.75
| 0.83
| 0.965
| 1.24
| 2.02
|-
| Energy per gram (Kcal/g)
| 3.75
| 4.17
| 4.3
| 3.76
| 9.3
|-
| Energy per Liter of Oxygen (Kcal/l O2)
| 5.03
| 5.03
| 4.46
| 3.03
| 4.61
|-
| Carbon Dioxide produced per gram (l/g)
| 0.75
| 0.83
| 0.781
| 0.92
| 1.43
|-
| RQ (O2:CO2)
| 1.00
| 1.00
| 0.81
| 0.74
| 0.71
|}
<ref name="O'Reilly-1987"> KP. O'Reilly, MJ. Warhol, RA. Fielding, WR. Frontera, CN. Meredith, WJ. Evans, Eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage impairs muscle glycogen repletion., J Appl Physiol, volume 63, issue 1, pages 252-6, Jul 1987, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3624128 3624128]</ref>
<ref name="Costill-1971"> DL. Costill, R. Bowers, G. Branam, K. Sparks, Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged exercise on successive days., J Appl Physiol, volume 31, issue 6, pages 834-8, Dec 1971, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5123660 5123660]</ref>
<ref name="Gottschlich-2001"> Michele M. Gottschlich, The science and practice of nutrition support : a case-based core curriculu, date 2001, publisher Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., location Dubuque, Iowa, isbn 0-7872-7680-4</ref>
<ref name="Schutz-1980"> Y. Schutz, E. Ravussin, Respiratory quotients lower than 0.70 in ketogenic diets., Am J Clin Nutr, volume 33, issue 6, pages 1317-9, Jun 1980, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7386422 7386422]</ref>
<ref name="plowman-2007"> Sharon A. Plowman, Denise L. Smith, Exercise physiology for health, fitness, and performanc, date 2007, publisher Lippincott Williams Wilkins, location Baltimore, MD, isbn 0-7817-8406-9</ref>
</references>
