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The Science of Energy Gels

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=References=
<references>
<ref name="Moseley-2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Moseley | first1 = L. | last2 = Lancaster | first2 = Moseley, GI. | last3 = Jeukendrup | first3 = Lancaster, AE. | title = Jeukendrup, Effects of timing of pre-exercise ingestion of carbohydrate on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance. | journal = , Eur J Appl Physiol | , volume = 88 | , issue = 4-5 | , pages = 453-8 | month = , Jan | year = 2003 | , doi [http://dx.doi = .org/10.1007/s00421-002-0728-8 10.1007/s00421-002-0728-8 | ], PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12527977 12527977 }}]</ref><ref name="Jeukendrup-2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Jeukendrup | first1 = AE. | last2 = Killer | first2 = Jeukendrup, SC. | title = Killer, The myths surrounding pre-exercise carbohydrate feeding. | journal = , Ann Nutr Metab | , volume = 57 Suppl 2 | issue = | , pages = 18-25 | month = , | year = 2010 | , doi [http://dx.doi = .org/10.1159/000322698 10.1159/000322698 | ], PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21346333 21346333 }}]</ref>
<ref name="Brun">[http://www.alfediam.org/media/pdf/RevueBrunD&M5-2000.pdf J.F. Brun, C. Fedou, J. Mercier, "Postprandial Reactive Hypoglycemia," ''Diabetes & Metabolism'' (Paris) 2000, 26, 337-351]</ref>
<ref name="Brouns-1989">{{Cite journal | last1 = F. Brouns | first1 = F, NJ. | last2 = Rehrer | first2 = NJ, WH. | last3 = Saris | first3 = WH, E. | last4 = Beckers | first4 = E, P. | last5 = Menheere | first5 = P, F. | last6 = ten Hoor | first6 = F. | title = , Effect of carbohydrate intake during warming-up on the regulation of blood glucose during exercise. | journal = , Int J Sports Med | , volume = 10 Suppl 1 | issue = | , pages = S68-75 | month = , May | year = 1989 | , doi = [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024956 10.1055/s-2007-1024956 | ], PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2663744 2663744 }}]</ref><ref name="Kuipers-1999">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kuipers | first1 = H. | last2 = Fransen | first2 = Kuipers, EJ. | last3 = Keizer | first3 = Fransen, HA. | title = Keizer, Pre-exercise ingestion of carbohydrate and transient hypoglycemia during exercise. | journal = , Int J Sports Med | , volume = 20 | , issue = 4 | , pages = 227-31 | month = , May | year = 1999 | , doi [http://dx.doi = .org/10.1055/s-2007-971122 10.1055/s-2007-971122 | ], PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10376478 10376478 }}]</ref>
<ref name="malto">http://www.arniebakercycling.com/pubs/Free/Nutrition%20Maltodextrin%20SS.pdf </ref>
<ref name="Gray1971">{{cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=G M|title=Gray, Intestinal Digestion and Maldigestion of Dietary Carbohydrates|journal=, Annual Review of Medicine|, volume=22|, issue=1|year=, 1971|, pages=391–404|, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn=/0066-4219 0066-4219|], doi [http://dx.doi=.org/10.1146/annurev.me.22.020171.002135 10.1146/annurev.me.22.020171.002135}}]</ref><ref name="Rowlands-2008">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rowlands | first1 = DS. | last2 = Thorburn | first2 = Rowlands, MS. | last3 = Thorp | first3 = Thorburn, RM. | last4 = Broadbent | first4 = Thorp, S. | last5 = Shi | first5 = Broadbent, X. | title = Shi, Effect of graded fructose coingestion with maltodextrin on exogenous 14C-fructose and 13C-glucose oxidation efficiency and high-intensity cycling performance. | journal = , J Appl Physiol | , volume = 104 | , issue = 6 | , pages = 1709-19 | month = , Jun | year = 2008 | , doi [http://dx.doi = .org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00878.2007 10.1152/japplphysiol.00878.2007 | ], PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369092 18369092 }}]</ref>
<ref name="isotonic"> http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/85/5/1941 Hypertonic solutions are less easily absorbed</ref>
<ref name="JacksonTaylor2012">{{cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Brian P.|last2=Taylor|first2=Jackson, Vivien F.|last3=Karagas|first3=Taylor, Margaret R.|last4=Karagas, Tracy Punshon|first4=Tracy|last5=Cottingham|first5=, Kathryn L.|title=Cottingham, Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup|journal=, Environmental Health Perspectives|, volume=120|, issue=5|year=, 2012|, pages=623–626|, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn=/0091-6765|0091-6765], doi [http://dx.doi=.org/10.1289/ehp.1104619 10.1289/ehp.1104619}}]</ref>
<ref name="Sweetness">Sweetness http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/carbohydrates.htm</ref>
</references>

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