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From Fellrnr.com, Running tips
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Skulpt is a small device, a little bigger than a deck of playing cards that estimate body fat and muscle quality. I've found it to be one of the most useful ways of estimating body fat. It uses a similar principle to [[Body Fat Scales]], sending an imperceptible electrical current through the skin. However, there are a number of key differences between Skulpt and body fat scales.
* Skulpt compares well with the gold standard for measuring body fat, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-energy_X-ray_absorptiometry DEXA]. The results appear to be far better than body fat scales. See Validation Research below for details.
* Typical scales measure overall body fat through 2 or 4 electrodes on your hands and/or feet, where Skulpt uses 12 electrodes close together to measure body fat over an area of about 2" x 3" (5cm x 8cm).
* Skulpt measures up to 24 specific body locations, and it can estimate overall body fat from three measurements on your triceps, abdominals, and quadriceps.
* Unlike body fat scales, Skulpt has to have wet electrodes to function, so you have to spray the electrodes with water before testing each area. (I replaced the tiny spray that comes with Skulpt for a cheap plant sprayer.)
* One reason for having so many electrodes is to pass a current along and across the muscle fibers. This allows the Skulpt to estimate "muscle quality", something that I thought was nonsense until I reviewed the available research.
* The Skulpt has to be sprayed with water before use, which is annoying. If you don't spray evenly over all the electrodes, you don't get a reading, though that's far better than getting a bad reading. I've found that spraying the sensor and applying it twice to pre-dampen the skin seems to produce more consistent results. Body hair can make it harder to get a reading, requiring a little more water, but this doesn't seem to effect accuracy (see research below). * Unlike scales, where you don't have to worry too much about positioning, Skulpt is quite sensitive to location. Of course, this is actually more about how you define it varies by location, so because changing the Skulpt position changes how much fat it will be over. Some locations are easier to be consistent than others. For instance, it's easy to be consistent on the abdominals, as the naval can be used as a convenient landmark, where it's far harder on the quadriceps.
* Skulpt doesn't provide any indication of body weight, but by the same token, its estimate of body fat isn't dependent on body weight as an input. I think this makes Skulpt a little more reliable than body fat scales.
* Skulpt doesn't use any data about which body part is being measured in its estimate. So, if you measure your quads, it will give the same value even if you tell it you're measuring your triceps.
File:Skulpt App (3).png| A screen shot from the Skulpt app
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=Validation Research=
Since its release there have been a number of research studies looking at the accuracy of Skulpt, with surprisingly good results. However, these results are on healthy or athletic populations, and there's no research on sedentary or overweight populations.
* A study of 71 young, healthy, and active subjects (38 female) compared Skulpt with DEXA<ref name="McLesterDewitt2018"/>. The study used two Skulpt devices, and measuring three times to see if there are any inter-device variations and inter-repeated measurement variations. The study found no significant differences between DEXA (avg. 23.33%) and Skulpt (23.10%) for total body fat. There was no difference between the two devices, nor between measurements on the subsequent day. (There were significant differences between DEXA and bioimpedance and between DEXA and skinfold thickness.) They noted that body hair slowed down the measurement speed, but didn't change accuracy. The study concluded that these results "should give strong consideration for EIM to be a preferred field method for assessing BF%."
* Comparing Skulpt with DEXA on 69 subjects (33 male) found no significant difference in overall body fat (DEXA avg. 24.44%, Skulpt avg 24.09%), with a mean difference of just 0.35%<ref name="CzeckRaymond‐Pope2019"/>. The study also compared DEXA and Skulpt body fat measurements of the upper arm and upper leg, measuring left and right sides, as well as trunk. The regional measurements were significantly different, but I suspect the two were not measuring the same thing. For instance, the Skulpt is measuring the body fat of the bicep, where the DEXA is measuring the fat of bicep and triceps, plus the fat between.
* Comparing Skulpt with DEXA with 27 bodybuilders (10 female) found the two had extremely close average readings (15.0 v 15.2)<ref name="GraybealMoore2018"/>. (The study used bioimpedance spectroscopy as the reference standard, rather than DEXA, making the study results a little harder to interpret.)
* A comparison of 91 participants (50 female) with the BodPod system found a good correlation between the two for body fat (0.904). However, they found a significant difference in the average body fat, with Skulpt reading 27.4% and BodPod reading 21.8%<ref name="WilliamsCook2019"/>. This study is only available as a "board" rather than a published study, which limits the details. Note that BodPod is not considered a "gold standard" and in some studies the BodPod read lower than DEXA<ref name="WagnerHeyward2000"/>, though not by such a large amount.
=Is Skulpt Worth It? =
I think for the price, Skulpt is a worthwhile purchase. I've found its estimate of body fat is credible and a actionable, especially as many I don't put on body fat evenly, but like many people accumulated in specific areas.{{#tag:htmlBuyAmazon|<script type="text/javascript">amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit0";amzn_assoc_search_bar = "true";amzn_assoc_tracking_id = "fellrnr07-20";amzn_assoc_ad_mode = "manual";amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart";amzn_assoc_marketplace = "amazon";amzn_assoc_region = "US";amzn_assoc_title = "My Amazon Picks";amzn_assoc_asins AZID= "B01DDX0B2W,B008CENXCS,B001803OS6,B00DL5WTZK";amzn_assoc_linkid = "0f161de379ee186da1871c8ca8127fe2";</script><script src="//z-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/onejs?MarketPlace|AZN=US"></script>Skulpt}}
=Compared with DEXA=
I recently had a DEXA scan, and I compared the values with Skulpt. DEXA estimated overall body fat at 17.6% and Skulpt at 15.8%, which is reasonably close. The values for my legs are rather more believable with Skulpt than DEXA. As you'd expect from a runner, I have extremely lean, muscular legs, so the Skulpt estimate of 8-10% seems more credible than the DEXA estimate of 17.8%.
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=Muscle Quality=
While the idea of measuring muscle quality seems like pseudo-science, there's quite a bit of research supporting the approach. This technique, known as "Electrical Impedance Myography", was developed for the evaluation of degenerative diseases. I won't attempt to summarize the research, but if you're interested I would recommend doing searching on Google scholar for "Electrical Impedance Myography", and this . There is a 2009 review is a reasonable starting point: [https:<ref name="Rutkove2009"//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mus.21362]>. The usefulness of muscle quality information is a little harder to evaluate. Not surprisingly, I found my legs had great muscle quality where my arms were rather poor, something that persuaded me to do a little bit of upper body strengthening. So far, I haven't found any correlation between [[Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness]] (DOMS) and the indicated muscle quality. I've done enough [[Treadmill Descent]] training to reach 2/5 on my DOMS Scale and 3/6 on the Likert Scale Muscle Soreness, and there was no change in the Skulpt Muscle Quality. However, I'm probably close to the top of the range for Muscle Quality in my quads, with absolute values of 145-160 and percentages just under 100%. (I've found no research on Electrical impedance myography and delayed onset muscle soreness.)==Reference==<reference><ref name="GraybealMoore2018">Austin J. Graybeal, Michael Lane Moore, Megan R. Cruz, Grant M. Tinsley, Body Composition Assessment in Male and Female Bodybuilders, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2018, pages 1, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1064-8011 1064-8011], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002831 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002831]</ref><ref name="Rutkove2009">Seward B. Rutkove, Electrical impedance myography: Background, current state, and future directions, Muscle & Nerve, volume 40, issue 6, 2009, pages 936–946, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0148639X 0148639X], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.21362 10.1002/mus.21362]</ref><ref name="WilliamsCook2019">Alyne L. Williams, Melissa Renee Cook, Ciro Moraes Costa De Castro, Annabell Kennell, Victoria Haller, Alex Seabeck, Alex Springer, Correlation Analysis Of The Skulpt© And Bodpod©, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, volume 51, issue Supplement, 2019, pages 935, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9131 0195-9131], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000563303.26203.81 10.1249/01.mss.0000563303.26203.81]</ref><ref name="WagnerHeyward2000">Dale R. Wagner, Vivian H. Heyward, Ann L. Gibson, Validation of air displacement plethysmography for assessing body composition, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, volume 32, issue 7, 2000, pages 1339–1344, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9131 0195-9131], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200007000-00023 10.1097/00005768-200007000-00023]</ref><ref name="CzeckRaymond‐Pope2019">Madeline A. Czeck, Christiana J. Raymond‐Pope, Elyse Prescott, Katie L. Bisch, Donald R. Dengel, Body fat percent assessment between electrical impedance myography and dual X‐ray absorptiometry, American Journal of Human Biology, 2019, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1042-0533 1042-0533], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23330 10.1002/ajhb.23330]</ref><ref name="McLesterDewitt2018">Cherilyn N. McLester, Alex D. Dewitt, Rasmus Rooks, John R. McLester, An investigation of the accuracy and reliability of body composition assessed with a handheld electrical impedance myography device, European Journal of Sport Science, volume 18, issue 6, 2018, pages 763–771, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1746-1391 1746-1391], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1448458 10.1080/17461391.2018.1448458]</ref></reference>
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