8,101
edits
Changes
From Fellrnr.com, Running tips
no edit summary
* It is believed that only about 5% of the shorter, plant based Omega 3 oils can be converted to the longer chain variants we need.
* A fat and an oil are the same thing, but fats are solid at room temperature while oils are liquid. Typically a fat is saturated and an oil is unsaturated as the double bonds change the melting point.
* A review of studies in the late 1980s/early 1990s showed that high levels of omega-3 supplementation in type-2 diabetics raises fasting glucose<ref name="Nettleton1995"/>.
** Type-2 diabetics had higher fasting glucose levels after taking 18g/day of fish oil for a month<ref name="Glauber-1988"/>.
** Giving type-2 diabetics 8g/day of fish oil impaired the effect of a blood glucose lowering medication (glyburide )<ref name="Zambon-1992"/>.
** Type-2 diabetics given 8g/day of fish oil had higher fasting glucose levels and increased post-prandial glucose<ref name="FridayChilds1989"/>.
** A study giving 10g/day of fish oil or safflower oil adversely affected glycemic control in type-2 diabetics, but this may be due to the increased calorie intake (900 Calories/day)<ref name="BorkmanChisholm1989"/>.
* However, it is believed that these increases were due to the high levels of supplementation<ref name="NettletonKatz2005"/>.
** Obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) had no change in fasting blood glucose levels, nor a change in glucose response when given 30ml of fish oil for two weeks<ref name="FaschingRatheiser1991"/>.
** A meta-analysis of 18 trials covering 823 patients concluded that fish oil had no statistically significant effect on fasting glucose of type-2 diabetics<ref name="MontoriFarmer2000"/>.
** Overweight hypertensive patients given 3.65g fish oil daily for 16 weeks had no change in glucose or insulin response , though the combination of fish oil and weight loss improved glucose and insulin response more than weight loss alone<ref name="Mori-1999"/>.
* The 2003 American Heart Association statement concluded that "Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown in epidemiological and clinical trials to reduce the incidence of Cardiovascular disease", though they noted that the recommended intake is unclear<ref name="Kris-Etherton2003"/>.
=References=
<references>
<ref name="BorkmanChisholm1989">M. Borkman, D. J. Chisholm, S. M. Furler, L. H. Storlien, E. W. Kraegen, L. A. Simons, C. N. Chesterman, Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in NIDDM, Diabetes, volume 38, issue 10, 1989, pages 1314–1319, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-1797 0012-1797], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diab.38.10.1314 10.2337/diab.38.10.1314]</ref>
<ref name="FaschingRatheiser1991">P. Fasching, K. Ratheiser, W. Waldhausl, M. Rohac, W. Osterrode, P. Nowotny, H. Vierhapper, Metabolic Effects of Fish-Oil Supplementation in Patients With Impaired Glucose Tolerance, Diabetes, volume 40, issue 5, 1991, pages 583–589, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-1797 0012-1797], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diab.40.5.583 10.2337/diab.40.5.583]</ref>
<ref name="Kris-Etherton2003">P. M. Kris-Etherton, Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, volume 23, issue 2, 2003, pages 20e–30, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/10795642 10795642], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000038493.65177.94 10.1161/01.ATV.0000038493.65177.94]</ref>
<ref name="MontoriFarmer2000">V. M. Montori, A. Farmer, P. C. Wollan, S. F. Dinneen, Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systematic review, Diabetes Care, volume 23, issue 9, 2000, pages 1407–1415, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-5992 0149-5992], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.23.9.1407 10.2337/diacare.23.9.1407]</ref>
<ref name="Mori-1999">TA. Mori, DQ. Bao, V. Burke, IB. Puddey, GF. Watts, LJ. Beilin, Dietary fish as a major component of a weight-loss diet: effect on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin metabolism in overweight hypertensive subjects., Am J Clin Nutr, volume 70, issue 5, pages 817-25, Nov 1999, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10539741 10539741]</ref>
<ref name="Glauber-1988">H. Glauber, P. Wallace, K. Griver, G. Brechtel, Adverse metabolic effect of omega-3 fatty acids in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus., Ann Intern Med, volume 108, issue 5, pages 663-8, May 1988, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3282462 3282462]</ref>
<ref name="Zambon-1992">S. Zambon, KE. Friday, MT. Childs, WY. Fujimoto, EL. Bierman, JW. Ensinck, Effect of glyburide and omega 3 fatty acid dietary supplements on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus., Am J Clin Nutr, volume 56, issue 2, pages 447-54, Aug 1992, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1636624 1636624]</ref>
<ref name="FridayChilds1989">K. E. Friday, M. T. Childs, C. H. Tsunehara, W. Y. Fujimoto, E. L. Bierman, J. W. Ensinck, Elevated plasma glucose and lowered triglyceride levels from omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type II diabetes, Diabetes Care, volume 12, issue 4, 1989, pages 276–281, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-5992 0149-5992], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.12.4.276 10.2337/diacare.12.4.276]</ref>
<ref name="Nettleton1995">Joyce A. Nettleton, Omega-three Fatty Acids and Health, date 31 December 1995, publisher Springer, isbn 978-0-412-98861-5</ref>
<ref name="NettletonKatz2005">J Nettleton, R Katz, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: A review, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, volume 105, issue 3, 2005, pages 428–440, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/00028223 00028223], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2004.11.029 10.1016/j.jada.2004.11.029]</ref>
</references>
=Further reading=
* [[The Runners Diet]]
