Revision as of 15:08, 16 March 2014

Runners know the importance of getting the correct running shoe. After all, the right shoe will correct your biomechanical problems and prevent injury, right? Maybe not.

1 Running Shoes and Injury

There is no evidence that running Shoes reduce or prevent injuries^[1]. In fact, all of the evidence is that running Shoes and injuries go together^[2]. Also, more expensive running Shoes are linked to more injuries than cheaper ones, even after allowing for mileage and injury history ^[3][4]. This is all counterintuitive, because running Shoes reduce the impact of running, don't they? Wrong again. It has been shown that running Shoes do not reduce the impact^[5][6]. It seems that the cushioning from Shoes messes with the body's natural way of running^[7]. One study went as far as describing running Shoes as "safety hazards" ^[8]. One study showed that when stepping down to a cushioned surface the more cushioning, the more impact^[9]. A recent study^[10] showed that running Shoes increased forces on the ankle, knee and hip compared with barefoot running. The knee forces were 36-38% higher with running Shoes, which is worse than the effect of walking in high heels! But we need arch support, right? Nope. An arch is a self supporting structure. If you push up under an arch, you dramatically weaken it.

2 Born to run?

There is indirect evidence from the human body; we are designed to run long distances. Regardless of your belief around the mechanism for that design (divine or evolution), our bodies have only had running Shoes for a few decades, but we have been running for millennia. Currently, 24-65% of runners are injured each year^[11]; it's hard to imagine humanity surviving if such rates are typical of the species. Many features of the human body are believed to be adaptations to running^[12][13].

3 The barefoot cure?

There is also a growing body of anecdotal evidence that moving from traditional running Shoes to minimalist Shoes or barefoot cures chronic problems^[14]. My experience is part of that anecdotal evidence. I used to find that I would suffer various nagging injuries, mostly around the knee, hip or ankle until I swapped to a more minimalist shoe. Here is an analogy. Imagine you are running through the woods blindfolded. This is painful, because you keep running into trees. To ease the pain, you get a bigger, more padded blindfold. This helps a bit, as it cushions the pain of hitting the trees, but does not solve the problem. If you take off the blindfold, you will actually see the trees. Running in traditional running Shoes is like running blindfolded. Your feet are very sensitive so that they can detect and adapt to the surface.

4 Adaptation to minimalist shoes=

A study comparing a traditional running show (Nike Pegasus) with a minimalist shoe (Nike Free 3.0) that provided 30% less cushioning^[15]. The study found that the impact forces at an 8:00 min/mile pace were higher with the minimalist shoe, and the runners landed with more of a heel strike. This result may be due to the lack of adaptation, as the runners only wore the minimalist shoes for 10 minutes, giving them no time to adjust. The authors concluded that runners should be careful while changing to minimalist shoes as the short term risk of injury may be higher. (The study did not repeat the test after a longer adaptation period.)

5 Good or evil

So, are all running Shoes evil? There is amble evidence that for some people, Shoes are a significant evil, causing a variety of injuries. For some, they are able to run correctly in traditional running Shoes, they are probably slower and less efficient due to the extra weight.

6 Barefoot Running and Minimalist Running

The alternative to running in traditional running Shoes is barefoot running and minimalist running. Barefoot running is pretty obvious; it's running without Shoes. Minimalist running is inspired by the Tarahumara Indians in Mexico, made famous by the book 'Born to Run'. The Tarahumara run vast distances in sandals made of deerskin or sections of car tires. Minimalist running is to run in Shoes that are very minimal, with no cushioning. Both barefoot and minimalist running create a running style that is natural and efficient. The body then absorbs the running motion in the way that it has for millennia. This barefoot/minimalist running style is very similar to Chi Running or the POSE method. The Chi/POSE methods teach the conscious mind a new way of running, which you then practice. The barefoot/minimalist running approach seems to bypass the conscious mind and taps into the instinctive ability to run correctly.

7 Cadence

It is possible that a higher Cadence (how often your feet land) could change impact forces and injury risk, and it may be that minimalist shoes work at least in part by increasing Cadence.

8 What does this mean to you?

• If you are a runner and had any running injuries, I would strongly recommend that you try either barefoot or minimalist running.
• If you are a runner who has never been injured, I would suggest you try either barefoot or minimalist running. You may find that it improves your speed, efficiency and more importantly, your love of running.
• If you are not a runner, but would like to get fit, lose weight or live longer, running is a great way of achieving these goals. Just remember that barefoot and minimalist is a better way.

9 See Also

• Running Shoes
• The Journey to Minimalist Running
• Toughening Feet
• Modified Nike Free

10 References

<references> ^[1]

^[2]

^[8]

^[3]

^[5]

^[6]

^[7]

^[4]

^[14]

^[11]

^[9]

^[12]

^[13]

^{[10] [15]}

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} Is your prescription of distance running shoes evidence based? http://bjsm.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/bjsm.2008.046680v1
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Robbins SE, Hanna AM (1987). Running-related injury prevention through barefoot adaptations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19, 148-156 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2883551
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Robbins S, Waked E (1997). Hazards of deceptive advertising of athletic footwear. British Journal of Sports Medicine 31, 299-303 http://bjsm.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/4/299?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=barefoot+running&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1} MARTI, B. "Relationships Between Running Injuries and Running Shoes - Results of a Study of 5,000 Participants of a 16-km Run - The May 1984 Berne 'Grand Prix'"
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1} Robbins SE, Gouw GJ (1990). Athletic footwear and chronic overloading: a brief review. Sports Medicine 9, 76-85
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} Mechanical comparison of barefoot and shod running http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17057833
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1} Running-related injury prevention through barefoot adaptations http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=1987&issue=04000&article=00014&type=abstract
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1} Robbins SE, Gouw GJ (1991). Athletic footwear: unsafe due to perceptual illusions. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 217-224 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017018
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1} Balance and vertical impact in sports: Role of shoe sole materials http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000399939790157X
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1} The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity Joint Torques http://www.pmrjournal.org/article/S1934-1482(09)01367-7/fulltext
11. ↑ ^{11.0 11.1} Factors related to the incidence of running injuries. A review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1615258
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1} Running paced human evolution http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/11.18/01-running.html
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1} Running Extra Mile Sets the Human Apart http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E7DD103FF93BA25752C1A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
14. ↑ ^{14.0 14.1} Minimalist Footwear http://antonkrupicka.blogspot.com/2007/10/minimalist-footwear.html
15. ↑ ^{15.0 15.1} RW. Willy, IS. Davis, Kinematic and kinetic comparison of running in standard and minimalist shoes., Med Sci Sports Exerc, volume 46, issue 2, pages 318-23, Feb 2014, doi 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182a595d2, PMID 23877378