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MCT
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Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) are fats that are shorter in length than most normal dietary fats (Long Chain Triglycerides or LCTs). MCTs are found in coconut oil, palm kernel oil and butter, as well as being available in pure form. MCT produces [[Ketones]] even without being part of a [[Low Carbohydrate Diets| Low Carbohydrate Diet]].
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=MCT digestion and the Ketogenic Diet=* Because MCT produces will increase [[Ketones|Ketone Levels]] even without being part of a needing [[Low Carbohydrate Diets| Low Carbohydrate Dietrestriction]].* Often , they are often used as part of a for [[Ketogenic DietDiets for Epilepsy| epilepsy treatment]] * Basis . Small amounts of MCT can be used to increase the [[MCT Diet]]* MCT is sometimes recommended ketone levels, or to reduce elevated cholesterol levels while on the Ketogenic Diet<ref name="Kossoff-2011-1809"/>. Larger amounts of MCT are the basis of the [[MCT Diet]], which allow for a greater carbohydrate intake than the traditional [[Ketogenic Ratio Diet]] and therefore more food choices. =MCT and Ketone Levels=A study showed that giving 40ml of MCT raised blood BOHB levels to 0.43-0.68 mM<ref name="RegerHenderson2004"/>. Unfortunately there were no details on how long the levels remained elevated, or how larger doses might further increase ketone levels. =MCT and Weight Gain=An animal study has shown that overfeeding that includes large quantities of MCT produced 20% less weight gain than the same level of overfeeding with LCT<ref name="Geliebter-1983"/>. The rats were fed a diet of 50% of calories as fat, with the MCT diet providing 45% of calories from MCT. The rats had similar levels of activity and insulin. This may because MCTs are raise body temperature (thermogenesis)<ref name="Mascioli-1991"/>. MCT has is often considered to have a slightly lower calorie density of 8.3 Calories/gram compared with 9.1 Calories/gram for LCT<ref name="IngleDriedger1999"/>. However, if thermogenesis is taken into account, a value of 6.72 Calories/gram would be more appropriate<ref name="IngleDriedger1999"/>.=MCT and digestive distress=MCT frequently causes digestive problems, including nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps and diarrhea. There may be several factors that influence the level of digestive distress<ref name="WolinskyDriskell2004"/>:* '''Quantity'''. Higher quantities of MCT are more likely to cause digestive distress. One study found that 50g of MCT caused all subjects digestive problems, but 30g only caused problems in 10% of subjects. * '''Adaptation'''. There is adaptation that occurs with consumption of MCT over several days. Two studies showed a reduction in digestive distress over time; in one, subjects were given 34g/day for 7 days and the other, 60g/day for 14 days. By the end the subjects' distress had reduced or disappeared. * '''Other Foods'''. Consuming MCT with other foods reduces the digestive distress. Personally, I found that even after weeks of taking MCT, I could not consume it on its own without incurring dramatic digestive problems. Mixing MCT with other foods greatly reduced, but did not completely remove, the issues. =MCT and Alzheimer's=There is evidence that MCT can help reduce peoples' memory impairment without carbohydrate restriction<ref name="RegerHenderson2004"/>. A study using elderly dogs showed a long lasting improvement in cognitive ability with MCT supplementation<ref name="PanLarson2010"/>. There are other anecdotal reports of MCT helping with Alzheimer's symptoms<ref name="www.tampabay.com"/>.
=Types of MCT=
The 'medium chain' in 'medium chain triglycerides' refers to the length of the chain carbon atoms. Generally, chain lengths of 6 to 12 carbon atoms (C6 to C12) are considered 'medium'. The most common source of MCTs is in Coconut Oil, and typically pure MCT is refined from Coconut Oil. The mixture of oils in most MCT reflects that of Coconut Oil. MCT oils are fully saturated.
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=MCT and Weight GainSafety=An animal study has shown that overfeeding that includes large quantities of MCT produced 20% less weight gain than the same level of overfeeding with LCT (Overfeeding with medium-chain triglyceride diet results in diminished deposition of fat). The rats were fed a diet of 50% of calories as fat, with the MCT diet providing 45% of calories from MCT. The rats had similar levels of activity and insulin. Read Overfeeding with medium-chain triglyceride diet results in diminished deposition of fat references 8, 16, 17, 18, =MCT and digestive distress=MCT frequently causes digestive problems, including nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps and diarrhea. There may be several factors that influence the level of digestive distress<ref name="WolinskyDriskell2004"is considered safe at 1mg/>:* '''Quantity'''. Higher quantities Kg of MCT are more likely to cause digestive distress. One study found that 50g of MCT caused all subjects digestive problems, but 30g only caused problems in 10% of subjects. * '''Adaptation'''. There is adaptation that occurs with consumption of MCT over several days. Two studies showed a reduction in digestive distress over time; in onebody weight, subjects were given 34g/day for 7 days and the other, 60g/day for 14 days. By the end the subjects' distress had reduced or disappeared. * '''Other Foods'''. Consuming MCT with other foods reduces the digestive distress. Personally, I found that even after weeks of taking MCT, I could not consume it on its own without incurring dramatic digestive problems. However, mixing MCT with other things caused no issues. =Calories in MCT=MCT has is often considered to have a slightly lower calorie density (8.2 Calories/gram) compared with LCT (9.1 Calories/gram). =MCT and Ketosis=Giving 40ml of MCT raised blood BOHB levels to 0.43been shown as effectively non-0.68 mM<ref name="RegerHenderson2004"/>.=MCT and Alzheimer's=There is evidence that MCT can help reduce peoples' memory impairment without carbohydrate restriction<ref name="RegerHenderson2004"/>. A study using elderly dogs showed a long lasting improvement toxic in cognitive ability with MCT supplementation<ref name="PanLarson2010"/>. There are other anecdotal reports of MCT helping with Alzheimer's symptomshigh dose animal studies<ref name="www.tampabay.comTraulDriedger2000"/>.
{{KetoSeeAlso}}
=References=
<references>
<ref name="TraulDriedger2000">K.A Traul, A Driedger, D.L Ingle, D Nakhasi, Review of the toxicologic properties of medium-chain triglycerides, Food and Chemical Toxicology, volume 38, issue 1, 2000, pages 79–98, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/02786915 02786915], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00106-4 10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00106-4]</ref>
<ref name="www.tampabay.com">Doctor says an oil lessened Alzheimer's effects on her husband, http://www.tampabay.com/news/aging/doctor-says-an-oil-lessened-alzheimers-effects-on-her-husband/879333, Accessed on 20 October 2013</ref>
<ref name="RegerHenderson2004">Mark A. Reger, Samuel T. Henderson, Cathy Hale, Brenna Cholerton, Laura D. Baker, G.S. Watson, Karen Hyde, Darla Chapman, Suzanne Craft, Effects of β-hydroxybutyrate on cognition in memory-impaired adults, Neurobiology of Aging, volume 25, issue 3, 2004, pages 311–314, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/01974580 01974580], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(03)00087-3 10.1016/S0197-4580(03)00087-3]</ref>
<ref name="O'Brien2010">Richard D. O'Brien, Fats and Oils: Formulating and Processing for Applications, Third Edition, date 12 December 2010, publisher Taylor & Francis, isbn 978-1-4200-6167-3, pages 49–</ref>
<ref name="usda">NDL/FNIC Food Composition Database Home Page, http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/, Accessed on 18 November 2013</ref>
<ref name="Geliebter-1983"> A. Geliebter, N. Torbay, EF. Bracco, SA. Hashim, TB. Van Itallie, Overfeeding with medium-chain triglyceride diet results in diminished deposition of fat., Am J Clin Nutr, volume 37, issue 1, pages 1-4, Jan 1983, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6849272 6849272]</ref>
<ref name="Mascioli-1991"> EA. Mascioli, S. Randall, KA. Porter, G. Kater, S. Lopes, VK. Babayan, GL. Blackburn, BR. Bistrian, Thermogenesis from intravenous medium-chain triglycerides., JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, volume 15, issue 1, pages 27-31, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1901104 1901104]</ref>
<ref name="IngleDriedger1999">D.L. Ingle, A. Driedger, K.A. Traul, D.K. Nakhasi, Dietary Energy Value of Medium-chain Triglycerides, Journal of Food Science, volume 64, issue 6, 1999, pages 960–963, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1147 0022-1147], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12259.x 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12259.x]</ref>
<ref name="Kossoff-2011-1809">Eric. Kossoff, [http://www.amazon.com/Ketogenic-Diets-Eric-H-Kossoff/dp/1936303108 Ketogenic diets : treatments for epilepsy and other disorders], date 2011, publisher Demos Health, location New York, isbn 1-936303-10-8, Kindle Offset 1809</ref>
</references>
