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* A second similar study again used untrained, fasted mice that swam to avoid drowning. Here VAAM showed increased fat metabolism and increased [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenesis ketogenesis] compared with casein<ref name="VAAMMiceFat"/>.
* In untrained subjects, 5.7g VAAM slightly reduced the [[Rating of Perceived Exertion|RPE]] during 60 minutes of cycling compared with a non-calorie control. However, the rate of fat burning was actually higher in the placebo case than with VAAM<ref name="Demura-2003"/>. (The study does some ugly analysis to show that because the fat burning started even lower for the placebo, it went up relatively more than the VAAM.) The study used the equivalent of about 100 packets of Vespa.
* Taking 10.8g of VAAM with 38g of sugar increased markers of ketogenesis during 45 minutes of exercise in humans compared with 48.8g sugar<ref name="VAAMketone"/>. Note that the study did not show that fat burning was increased, just markers of ketogenesis. It's possible that the changes in ketone levels are due to the differences in carbohydrate intake. This is the equivalent of about 190 packs of Vespa.
* Taking VAAM (3g/day) & exercise or placebo & exercise for 12 weeks in previously sedentary elderly women produced a slightly greater improvement in fitness and body fat<ref name="SasaiMatsuo2011"/>. This is the equivalent of about 50 packs of Vespa per day.
* An unpublished study (available as an abstract only) showed that 10g/70Kg of VAAM produces a slight reduction in heart rate during 30 minutes of exercise compared with casein protein<ref name="VAAMUnpublishedHR"/>. This is the equivalent of about 175 packs of Vespa.
