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Created page with "Critical Power can be thought of as a threshold between aerobic and anerobic exercise. While that's an oversimplification, it reflects the subjective feelings of the athlete q..."
Critical Power can be thought of as a threshold between aerobic and anerobic exercise. While that's an oversimplification, it reflects the subjective feelings of the athlete quite well. In some ways it's similar to the idea of [[Lactate Threshold]], but far easier to determine. The idea of Critical Power has been around since 1965<ref name="MonodScherrer1965"/>, but the rise of power based cycling trainers, cycling power meters, and now the ability to estimate running power with [[Stryd]], the concept has gained new traction. Critical Power is the highest workload that can be sustained without using the anerobic reserve and is often considered the workload that can be sustained "indefinitely." In practice, "indefinitely" here means until glycogen reserves start to get depleted, or other limiting factors set in, so typically 30-60 minutes can be maintained at Critical Power<ref name="Hill1993"/>. Above the Critical Power, there's an amount of work that can be performed anaerobically. This anaerobic work capacity is typically called W' (W-prime), and it can either be used at high intensity for a short period or a lower intensity for a longer period. This creates a curve of how long a given high intensity power level can be sustained.
[[File:CPModel_sience.png|center|thumb|400px|Critical power, from [https://www.goldencheetah.org/].]]
=Why should you care?=
I see the greatest benefit from Critical Power for [[High Intensity Interval Training| HIIT]]. A HIIT workout can be structured based on CP and W', using those metrics to understand how stressful (and how practical) a given workout will be. I use Golden Cheetah which will show the W' balance as a curve for a given workout. The CP and W' can be used for pacing shorter races (30-60 minutes) as an ideal pace will be one in which W' is depleted evenly over the race, reaching near zero at the end. For longer races, other factors beyond W' depletion become the limiting factors, so it's less valuable there. However, CP can be used as a metric to evaluate for running potential (see below.)
=Finding Your Critical Power=
The gold standard for measuring CP is to perform multiple tests to define points in the CP/W' curve. Each test needs to be performed while well recovered, so each needs to be on a separate day. After a warmup, a fixed power workout is performed that should result in exhaustion between 3 and 15 minutes (durations less than 3 minutes may give an overestimate of CP<ref name="BishopJenkins2007"/>.) Given these results, there are a number of online calculators that will give CP and W' numbers. (As an aside, one study found that CP occurred at around 83% of [[Maximum Heart Rate| Max HR]] <ref name="MielkeHoush2011"/>).
==The 3AOT Approach==
There's a simpler "3 minute all out test" (3AOT) that can estimate CP. This is an "un-paced" test where the athlete goes all out for the duration of the test. This means that power output will be very high for the first few seconds, then drop off as W' is depleted. The idea is that by the end of the 3 minutes, all of the W' will be depleted and only the CP can be maintained. The limitation of the test is that any pacing by the athlete, even subconsciously will overestimate CP and underestimate W'. There are several studies that have found the 3AOT gives a good estimate of CP/W'<ref name="BurnleyDoust2006"/><ref name="DekerleVanhatalo2008"/><ref name="VanhataloDoust2007"/>, and they found that it can detect relatively small changes in CP with training (230-255w)<ref name="VanhataloDoust2008"/>. One validation technique that was used was to exercise at 15w above and then below the critical power estimate. The found the 15w above could not be maintained past 10-15 min, where 15w below is stable from ~10 min to 30 min. However, one study found the 3AOT did not provide valid results in elite cyclists<ref name="BartramThewlis2017"/>, with the 3AOT estimating an average of 351w compared with 402w with multiple tests. This study found that the W' was underestimated, with an average of 15.5 kJ rather than 24.3 on average.
=Critical Power and Running Performance=
A study looked at the relationship between Critical Power and Running Performance<ref name="KolbeDennis2008"/> over 40m, 1km, 10km, and 21.1km (half marathon distance.) The study found a reasonable correlation between CP and both running performance and [[VO2max|V̇O<sub>2</sub>max]] for distances of 1km and longer. They found that CP corelated with 75-85% of both values (r=0.75-0.85).
=References=
<references>
<ref name="KolbeDennis2008">Tracy Kolbe, Steven C. Dennis, Elizabeth Selley, Timothy D. Noakes, Michael I. Lambert, The relationship between critical power and running performance, Journal of Sports Sciences, volume 13, issue 3, 2008, pages 265–269, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0264-0414 0264-0414], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419508732236 10.1080/02640419508732236]</ref>
<ref name="MonodScherrer1965">H. Monod, J. Scherrer, THE WORK CAPACITY OF A SYNERGIC MUSCULAR GROUP, Ergonomics, volume 8, issue 3, 1965, pages 329–338, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-0139 0014-0139], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140136508930810 10.1080/00140136508930810]</ref>
<ref name="Hill1993">David W. Hill, The Critical Power Concept, Sports Medicine, volume 16, issue 4, 1993, pages 237–254, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0112-1642 0112-1642], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199316040-00003 10.2165/00007256-199316040-00003]</ref>
<ref name="BurnleyDoust2006">Mark Burnley, Jonathan H. Doust, Anni Vanhatalo, A 3-min All-Out Test to Determine Peak Oxygen Uptake and the Maximal Steady State, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, volume 38, issue 11, 2006, pages 1995–2003, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9131 0195-9131], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000232024.06114.a6 10.1249/01.mss.0000232024.06114.a6]</ref>
<ref name="DekerleVanhatalo2008">J. Dekerle, A. Vanhatalo, M. Burnley, Determination of critical power from a single test, Science & Sports, volume 23, issue 5, 2008, pages 231–238, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/07651597 07651597], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2007.06.015 10.1016/j.scispo.2007.06.015]</ref>
<ref name="VanhataloDoust2007">Anni Vanhatalo, Jonathan H. Doust, Mark Burnley, Determination of Critical Power Using a 3-min All-out Cycling Test, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, volume 39, issue 3, 2007, pages 548–555, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9131 0195-9131], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802dd3e6 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802dd3e6]</ref>
<ref name="VanhataloDoust2008">Anni Vanhatalo, Jonathan H. Doust, Mark Burnley, A 3-min All-out Cycling Test Is Sensitive to a Change in Critical Power, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, volume 40, issue 9, 2008, pages 1693–1699, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9131 0195-9131], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318177871a 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318177871a]</ref>
<ref name="BartramThewlis2017">Jason C. Bartram, Dominic Thewlis, David T. Martin, Kevin I. Norton, Predicting Critical Power in Elite Cyclists: Questioning the Validity of the 3-Minute All-Out Test, International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, volume 12, issue 6, 2017, pages 783–787, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1555-0265 1555-0265], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0376 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0376]</ref>
<ref name="MielkeHoush2011">Michelle Mielke, Terry J Housh, C Russell Hendrix, Jorge Zuniga, Clayton L Camic, Richard J Schmidt, Glen O Johnson, A Test for Determining Critical Heart Rate Using the Critical Power Model, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, volume 25, issue 2, 2011, pages 504–510, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1064-8011 1064-8011], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b62c43 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b62c43]</ref>
<ref name="BishopJenkins2007">D. Bishop, D. Jenkins, A. Howard, The Critical Power Function is Dependent on the Duration of the Predictive Exercise Tests Chosen, International Journal of Sports Medicine, volume 19, issue 02, 2007, pages 125–129, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0172-4622 0172-4622], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971894 10.1055/s-2007-971894]</ref>
</references>
[[File:CPModel_sience.png|center|thumb|400px|Critical power, from [https://www.goldencheetah.org/].]]
=Why should you care?=
I see the greatest benefit from Critical Power for [[High Intensity Interval Training| HIIT]]. A HIIT workout can be structured based on CP and W', using those metrics to understand how stressful (and how practical) a given workout will be. I use Golden Cheetah which will show the W' balance as a curve for a given workout. The CP and W' can be used for pacing shorter races (30-60 minutes) as an ideal pace will be one in which W' is depleted evenly over the race, reaching near zero at the end. For longer races, other factors beyond W' depletion become the limiting factors, so it's less valuable there. However, CP can be used as a metric to evaluate for running potential (see below.)
=Finding Your Critical Power=
The gold standard for measuring CP is to perform multiple tests to define points in the CP/W' curve. Each test needs to be performed while well recovered, so each needs to be on a separate day. After a warmup, a fixed power workout is performed that should result in exhaustion between 3 and 15 minutes (durations less than 3 minutes may give an overestimate of CP<ref name="BishopJenkins2007"/>.) Given these results, there are a number of online calculators that will give CP and W' numbers. (As an aside, one study found that CP occurred at around 83% of [[Maximum Heart Rate| Max HR]] <ref name="MielkeHoush2011"/>).
==The 3AOT Approach==
There's a simpler "3 minute all out test" (3AOT) that can estimate CP. This is an "un-paced" test where the athlete goes all out for the duration of the test. This means that power output will be very high for the first few seconds, then drop off as W' is depleted. The idea is that by the end of the 3 minutes, all of the W' will be depleted and only the CP can be maintained. The limitation of the test is that any pacing by the athlete, even subconsciously will overestimate CP and underestimate W'. There are several studies that have found the 3AOT gives a good estimate of CP/W'<ref name="BurnleyDoust2006"/><ref name="DekerleVanhatalo2008"/><ref name="VanhataloDoust2007"/>, and they found that it can detect relatively small changes in CP with training (230-255w)<ref name="VanhataloDoust2008"/>. One validation technique that was used was to exercise at 15w above and then below the critical power estimate. The found the 15w above could not be maintained past 10-15 min, where 15w below is stable from ~10 min to 30 min. However, one study found the 3AOT did not provide valid results in elite cyclists<ref name="BartramThewlis2017"/>, with the 3AOT estimating an average of 351w compared with 402w with multiple tests. This study found that the W' was underestimated, with an average of 15.5 kJ rather than 24.3 on average.
=Critical Power and Running Performance=
A study looked at the relationship between Critical Power and Running Performance<ref name="KolbeDennis2008"/> over 40m, 1km, 10km, and 21.1km (half marathon distance.) The study found a reasonable correlation between CP and both running performance and [[VO2max|V̇O<sub>2</sub>max]] for distances of 1km and longer. They found that CP corelated with 75-85% of both values (r=0.75-0.85).
=References=
<references>
<ref name="KolbeDennis2008">Tracy Kolbe, Steven C. Dennis, Elizabeth Selley, Timothy D. Noakes, Michael I. Lambert, The relationship between critical power and running performance, Journal of Sports Sciences, volume 13, issue 3, 2008, pages 265–269, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0264-0414 0264-0414], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419508732236 10.1080/02640419508732236]</ref>
<ref name="MonodScherrer1965">H. Monod, J. Scherrer, THE WORK CAPACITY OF A SYNERGIC MUSCULAR GROUP, Ergonomics, volume 8, issue 3, 1965, pages 329–338, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-0139 0014-0139], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140136508930810 10.1080/00140136508930810]</ref>
<ref name="Hill1993">David W. Hill, The Critical Power Concept, Sports Medicine, volume 16, issue 4, 1993, pages 237–254, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0112-1642 0112-1642], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199316040-00003 10.2165/00007256-199316040-00003]</ref>
<ref name="BurnleyDoust2006">Mark Burnley, Jonathan H. Doust, Anni Vanhatalo, A 3-min All-Out Test to Determine Peak Oxygen Uptake and the Maximal Steady State, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, volume 38, issue 11, 2006, pages 1995–2003, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9131 0195-9131], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000232024.06114.a6 10.1249/01.mss.0000232024.06114.a6]</ref>
<ref name="DekerleVanhatalo2008">J. Dekerle, A. Vanhatalo, M. Burnley, Determination of critical power from a single test, Science & Sports, volume 23, issue 5, 2008, pages 231–238, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/07651597 07651597], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2007.06.015 10.1016/j.scispo.2007.06.015]</ref>
<ref name="VanhataloDoust2007">Anni Vanhatalo, Jonathan H. Doust, Mark Burnley, Determination of Critical Power Using a 3-min All-out Cycling Test, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, volume 39, issue 3, 2007, pages 548–555, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9131 0195-9131], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802dd3e6 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802dd3e6]</ref>
<ref name="VanhataloDoust2008">Anni Vanhatalo, Jonathan H. Doust, Mark Burnley, A 3-min All-out Cycling Test Is Sensitive to a Change in Critical Power, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, volume 40, issue 9, 2008, pages 1693–1699, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9131 0195-9131], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318177871a 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318177871a]</ref>
<ref name="BartramThewlis2017">Jason C. Bartram, Dominic Thewlis, David T. Martin, Kevin I. Norton, Predicting Critical Power in Elite Cyclists: Questioning the Validity of the 3-Minute All-Out Test, International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, volume 12, issue 6, 2017, pages 783–787, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1555-0265 1555-0265], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0376 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0376]</ref>
<ref name="MielkeHoush2011">Michelle Mielke, Terry J Housh, C Russell Hendrix, Jorge Zuniga, Clayton L Camic, Richard J Schmidt, Glen O Johnson, A Test for Determining Critical Heart Rate Using the Critical Power Model, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, volume 25, issue 2, 2011, pages 504–510, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1064-8011 1064-8011], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b62c43 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b62c43]</ref>
<ref name="BishopJenkins2007">D. Bishop, D. Jenkins, A. Howard, The Critical Power Function is Dependent on the Duration of the Predictive Exercise Tests Chosen, International Journal of Sports Medicine, volume 19, issue 02, 2007, pages 125–129, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0172-4622 0172-4622], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971894 10.1055/s-2007-971894]</ref>
</references>
