Changes

* Some<ref name="JointVitEP1"/><ref name="JointVitEP2"/><ref name="JointVitEP3Scherak-1990"/>, but not all<ref name="JointVitEN1Brand-2001"/><ref name="JointVitEN2"/> studies have shown benefit from Vitamin E supplementation. Like the above two supplements, Vitamin E should be considered as there may be other health benefits. * Devil's Claw, a South African plan extract, may help with joint pain (60mg harpagoside)<ref name="JointDevilCGagnier-2004"/>. However, there is little known about its safety.

<ref name="JointDevilCGagnier-2004">JJ. Gagnier, S. Chrubasik, E. Manheimer, Harpgophytum procumbens for osteoaosteoarthritis and low back pain: a systematic review... [, BMC Complement Altern Med. , volume 4, pages 13, Sep 2004] , doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882- PubMed 4- NCBI 13 10.1186/1472-6882-4-13], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrezpubmed/15369596?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn <15369596]</ref><ref name="JointVitEN2">AE. Wluka, S. Stuckey, C. Brand, FM. Cicuttini, Supplementary vitamin E does not affect the lossof cartilage volume in knee osteoarthritis: a 2 year double blind randomized placebo controlled study... [, J Rheumatol. , volume 29, issue 12, pages 2585-91, Dec 2002] - PubMed - NCBI , PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrezpubmed/12465157?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn 12465157]</ref><ref name="JointVitEN1Brand-2001">Vitamin E C. Brand, J. Snaddon, M. Bailey, F. Cicuttini, Vitamin E is ineffective for symptomatic relierelief of knee osteoarthritis: a six month double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study... [, Ann Rheum Dis. 2001] , volume 60, issue 10, pages 946- PubMed - NCBI 9, Oct 2001, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrezpubmed/11557651?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn 11557651]</ref><ref name="JointVitEP3Scherak-1990">O. Scherak, G. Kolarz, C. Schödl, G. Blankenhorn, High dosage vitamin E therapy in patienpatients with activated arthrosis... [, Z Rheumatol. 1990 Nov, volume 49, issue 6, pages 369-Dec] - PubMed - NCBI 73, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrezpubmed/2085059?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn 2085059]</ref><ref name="JointVitEP2">G. Blankenhorn, Clinical effectiveness of SpSpondyvit (vitamin E) in activated arthroses.A multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study.. [, Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1986 May, volume 124, issue 3, pages 340-Jun] 3, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s- PubMed 2008-1044572 10.1055/s- NCBI 2008-1044572], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrezpubmed/3529677?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn 3529677]</ref><ref name="JointVitEP1">Tocopherol I. Machtey, L. Ouaknine, Tocopherol in Osteoarthritis: a controlled pilot study... [, J Am Geriatr Soc. , volume 26, issue 7, pages 328-30, Jul 1978] - PubMed - NCBI , PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrezpubmed/350940?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn <350940]</ref><ref name="JointVitC1g">NH. Jensen, [Reduced pain from osteoarthritis in hip jointor knee joint during treatment with calcium ascorbate.A randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial in general practice].. [, Ugeskr Laeger. 2003] , volume 165, issue 25, pages 2563- PubMed - NCBI 6, Jun 2003, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrezpubmed/12854267?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn 12854267]</ref><ref name="JointVitCFraming">Do antioxidant micronutrients protect againsTE.McAlindon, P.Jacques, Y. [Arthritis RheumZhang, MT. 1996] - PubMed - NCBI http://wwwHannan, P.ncbiAliabadi, B.nlmWeissman, D.nihRush, D.gov/sites/entrez/8630116?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000Levy,f1000mDT. Felson,isrctn </ref><ref name="JointO3Most">Association Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of plasma n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with synovitis in the knee: the MOST study knee osteoarthritis?, Arthritis Rheum, volume 39, issue 4, pages 648-56, Apr 1996, PMID [http://www.oarsijournalncbi.com/article/S1063-4584%2812%2900060-Xnlm.nih.gov/pubmed/abstract 8630116 8630116]</ref><ref name="JointO3GPigJointO3Most">Regulation of osteoarthritis by omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in a naturally occurring model of disease http://wwwK.R. Baker, N.R. Matthan, A.H. Lichtenstein, J.ncbiNiu, A.nlmGuermazi, F.nihRoemer, A.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176911/ </ref><ref name="JointASU4">Symptomatic efficacy of avocado/soybean unsaGrainger, M.C.Nevitt, M. [Arthritis RheumClancy, C. 1998] - PubMed - NCBI http://wwwE. Lewis, J.ncbiC.nlmTorner, D.nihT.gov/sites/entrez/9433873?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000Felson,f1000m,isrctn </ref><ref name="JointASU3">Symptoms modifying effect of avocadoAssociation of plasma n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with synovitis in the knee: the MOST study, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, volume 20, issue 5, 2012, pages 382–387, ISSN [http://soybewww.worldcat.. [Scand J Rheumatol. 2001org/issn/10634584 10634584] - PubMed - NCBI , doi [http://wwwdx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.ncbi2012.nlm01.nih021 10.gov1016/sitesj.joca.2012.01.021]</entrez/11578021?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn </ref>ref><ref name="JointASU2JointO3GPig">Efficacy and safety of avocado/soybean unsaL. Knott, N.C.Avery, A. [Rev Rhum Engl EdP. 1997] - PubMed - NCBI http://wwwHollander, J.ncbiF.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/9476272?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000Tarlton,f1000m,isrctn </ref><ref name="JointASU1">Structural effect Regulation of osteoarthritis by omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in a naturally occurring model of avocado/soybean unsapon... disease, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, volume 19, issue 9, 2011, pages 1150–1157, ISSN [Arthritis Rheum. 2002] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbiworldcat.nlmorg/issn/10634584 10634584], doi [http://dx.nihdoi.govorg/sites10.1016/entrezj.joca.2011.06.005 10.1016/11932878?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn <j.joca.2011.06.005]</ref><ref name="JointNutraJointASU4">Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full text | Osteoarthritis and nutritionE. Maheu, B. From nutraceuticals to functional foods: a systematic review of the scientific evidence http://arthritis-researchMazières, JP.com/content/8/4/R127 </ref><ref name="JointGluAbs">Synovial and plasma glucosamine conValat, G.Loyau, X.Le Loët, P. [Osteoarthritis CartilageBourgeois, JM. 2007] - PubMed - NCBI http://wwwGrouin, S.ncbi.nlm.nih.govRozenberg, Symptomatic efficacy of avocado/pubmed/17353133 </ref><ref name="JointChAbs2">Antisoybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-inflammatory activity of chond... [Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1998] controlled, multicenter clinical trial with a six- PubMed month treatment period and a two- NCBI http://wwwmonth followup demonstrating a persistent effect.ncbi.nlm, Arthritis Rheum, volume 41, issue 1, pages 81-91, Jan 1998, doi [http://dx.nihdoi.govorg/pubmed10.1002/9743814 1529-0131(199801)41:1</ref81::AID-ART11><ref name="JointChAbs">Biochemical and pharmacokinetic aspect3.0.CO;2-9 10. [Arzneimittelforschung. 1995] 1002/1529- PubMed 0131(199801)41:1<81::AID- NCBI http:ART11>3.0.CO;2-9], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7575762 9433873 9433873]</ref><ref name="JointMSMBrain2JointASU3">Accumulation of methylsulfonylmethane in the huT.Appelboom, J.Schuermans, G. [Toxicol LettVerbruggen, Y. 2001] - PubMed - NCBI http:Henrotin, JY. Reginster, Symptoms modifying effect of avocado//wwwsoybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in knee osteoarthritis.ncbiA double blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study.nlm, Scand J Rheumatol, volume 30, issue 4, pages 242-7, 2001, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11641045?dopt=Abstract 11578021 11578021]</ref><ref name="JointMSMBrain1JointASU2">Detection of dimethyl sulfone in the humaF.Blotman, E.Maheu, A. [Magn Reson ImagingWulwik, H. 2000] - PubMed - NCBI http://wwwCaspard, A.ncbiLopez, Efficacy and safety of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee and hip.nlmA prospective, multicenter, three-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.nih, Rev Rhum Engl Ed, volume 64, issue 12, pages 825-34, Dec 1997, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10642107?dopt=Abstract 9476272 9476272]</ref><ref name="JointMSM3JointASU1">RandomisedM. Lequesne, Double-BlindE. Maheu, ParallelC. Cadet, Place.RL.Dreiser, Structural effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables on joint space loss in osteoarthritis of the hip. , Arthritis Rheum, volume 47, issue 1, pages 50-8, Feb 2002, PMID [Clin Drug Investig. 2004] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17516722 11932878 11932878]</ref><ref name="JointMSM2JointNutra">Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (... Laurent G Ameye, Winnie SS Chee, Arthritis Research & Therapy, volume 8, issue 4, 2006, pages R127, ISSN [Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbiworldcat.nlmorg/issn/14786354 14786354], doi [http://dx.nihdoi.govorg/sites10.1186/entrezar2016 10.1186/16309928?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn ar2016]</ref><ref name="JointMSMJointGluAbs">Systematic review of the nutritionaS.Persiani, R.Rotini, G. [Osteoarthritis CartilageTrisolino, LC. 2008] - PubMed - NCBI http://wwwRovati, M.ncbiLocatelli, D.nlmPaganini, D.nihAntonioli, A.gov/pubmedRoda, Synovial and plasma glucosamine concentrations in osteoarthritic patients following oral crystalline glucosamine sulphate at therapeutic dose., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 15, issue 7, pages 764-72, Jul 2007, doi [http:/18417375 </ref><ref name="JointNEJM">Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two idx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2007.01. [N Engl J Med019 10. 2006] - PubMed - NCBI 1016/j.joca.2007.01.019], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16495392 17353133 17353133]</ref><ref name="JointAIMJointChAbs2">JAMA Network | Archives F. Ronca, L. Palmieri, P. Panicucci, G. Ronca, Anti-inflammatory activity of Internal Medicine | Structural and Symptomatic Efficacy of Glucosamine and Chondroitin in Knee OsteoarthritisA Comprehensive Metachondroitin sulfate., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 6 Suppl A, pages 14-analysis 21, May 1998, PMID [http://archintewww.jamanetworkncbi.nlm.nih.comgov/pubmed/article.aspx?volume=163&issue=13&page=1514 9743814 9743814]</ref><ref name="JointBMJJointChAbs">Effects of glucosamineA. Conte, chondroitinN. Volpi, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis http://wwwL.ncbiPalmieri, I.nlmBahous, G.nihRonca, Biochemical and pharmacokinetic aspects of oral treatment with chondroitin sulfate.gov, Arzneimittelforschung, volume 45, issue 8, pages 918-25, Aug 1995, PMID [http:/pmc/articles/PMC2941572/ <www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7575762 7575762]</ref><ref name="JointAnnIMJointMSMBrain2">Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritisA.Lin, CH.Nguy, F. [Ann Intern MedShic, BD. 2007] Ross, Accumulation of methylsulfonylmethane in the human brain: identification by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy., Toxicol Lett, volume 123, issue 2- PubMed 3, pages 169- NCBI 77, Sep 2001, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438317 11641045 11641045]</ref><ref name="JointArthRheumJointMSMBrain1">Glucosamine for pain SE. Rose, JB. Chalk, GJ. Galloway, DM. Doddrell, Detection of dimethyl sulfone in the human brain by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy., Magn Reson Imaging, volume 18, issue 1, pages 95-8, Jan 2000, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10642107 10642107]</ref><ref name="JointMSM3">PR. Usha, MU. Naidu, Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study of Oral Glucosamine, Methylsulfonylmethane and their Combination in Osteoarthritis., Clin Drug Investig, volume 24, issue 6, pages 353-63, 2004, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17516722 17516722]</ref><ref name="JointMSM2">LS. Kim, LJ. Axelrod, P. Howard, N. Buratovich, RF. Waters, Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis: why ... [Arthritis Rheum. 2007pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 14, issue 3, pages 286-94, Mar 2006, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2005.10.003 10.1016/j.joca.2005.10.003], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16309928 16309928]</ref><ref name="JointMSM">S. Brien, P. Prescott, N. Bashir, H. Lewith, G. Lewith, Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis., Osteoarthritis Cartilage, volume 16, issue 11, pages 1277-88, Nov 2008, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.002 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.002], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417375 18417375]</ref><ref name="JointNEJM">DO. Clegg, DJ. Reda, CL. Harris, MA. Klein, JR. O'Dell, MM. Hooper, JD. Bradley, CO. Bingham, MH. Weisman, Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis., N Engl J Med, volume 354, issue 8, pages 795-808, Feb 2006, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052771 10.1056/NEJMoa052771], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16495392 16495392]</ref><ref name="JointAIM"> Florent Richy, Olivier Bruyere, Olivier Ethgen, Michel Cucherat, Yves Henrotin, Jean-Yves Reginster, Structural and Symptomatic Efficacy of Glucosamine and Chondroitin in Knee Osteoarthritis, Archives of Internal Medicine, volume 163, issue 13, 2003, pages 1514, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-9926 0003-9926], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.13.1514 10.1001/archinte.163.13.1514]</ref><ref name="JointBMJ"> S. Wandel, P. Juni, B. Tendal, E. Nuesch, P. M. Villiger, N. J. Welton, S. Reichenbach, S. Trelle, Effects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis, BMJ, volume 341, issue sep16 2, 2010, pages c4675–c4675, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138 0959-8138], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4675 10.1136/bmj.c4675]</ref><ref name="JointAnnIM">S. Reichenbach, R. Sterchi, M. Scherer, S. Trelle, E. Bürgi, U. Bürgi, PA. Dieppe, P. Jüni, Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip., Ann Intern Med, volume 146, issue 8, pages 580-90, Apr 2007, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438317 17438317]</ref><ref name="JointArthRheum">SC. Vlad, MP. LaValley, TE. McAlindon, DT. Felson, Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: why do trial results differ?, Arthritis Rheum, volume 56, issue 7, pages 2267-77, Jul 2007, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.22728 10.1002/art.22728], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599746 17599746] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599746 </ref>