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=Scientific Studies=
The science behind VAAM is rather limited, with no studies that show an improvement in human endurance performance, and one study showed a reduction in fat burning. There is only one study that used GHS. Here is a brief summary of the studies that are available.
* When untrained, fasted mice were put in a pool and forced to swim to avoid drowning, VAAM improved swimming times over water, glucose or casein (a milk [[Protein|protein]])<ref name="VAAMSwimMice"/>. This is the only study that shows improved endurance rather than other blood markers. The VAAM given was equivalent to about 900 packets of Vespa (700mg/Kg or 52.5g for a 150Lb/75Kg human).
** This study also checked the blood lactate and glucose level in the mice after 30 minutes of swimming. This test used GHS in addition to VAAM, and GHS showed a greater level of blood glucose than VAAM, with a similar (low) level of lactate.
* A second similar study again used untrained, fasted mice that swam to avoid drowning. Here VAAM showed increased fat metabolism and increased [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenesis ketogenesis] compared with casein<ref name="VAAMMiceFat"/>.
* Taking 10.8g of VAAM with 38g of sugar increased markers of ketogenesis during 45 minutes of exercise in humans compared with 48.8g sugar<ref name="VAAMketone"/>. Note that the study did not show that fat burning was increased, just markers of ketogenesis. This is the equivalent of about 190 packs of Vespa.
* Taking VAAM (3g/day) & exercise or placebo & exercise for 12 weeks in previously sedentary elderly women produced a slightly greater improvement in fitness and body fat<ref name="SasaiMatsuo2011"/>. This is the equivalent of about 50 packs of Vespa per day.
* An unpublished study (available as an abstract only) showed that 10g/70Kg of VAAM produces a slight reduction in [[Heart Rate|heart rate ]] during 30 minutes of exercise compared with casein protein<ref name="VAAMUnpublishedHR"/>. This is the equivalent of about 175 packs of Vespa.
* VAAM given to rats prevented a rise in blood lactate and increased markers of ketosis compared with a milk protein control<ref name="TsuchitaShirai-Morishita1997"/>.
==Publication Bias?==
