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Vespa Gels claims to improve endurance performance by improving fat burning rather than providing fuel like [[Comparison of Energy Gels| other gels]]. However the science does not seem to back this up, with no human studies that show improved endurance. The few animal studies that exist generally use vastly higher doses, the equivalent of 100-500 packets of Vespa gel. So why does Vespa seem so popular with top ultra-endurance athletes?
=Background=
At 2 inches (50mm) long, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_giant_hornet Asian giant hornet] is the largest of the hornets and is able to fly long distances. These giant hornets consume only a liquid diet of 43% carbohydrate and 57% amino acids, with the carbohydrate as the primary fuel for flying<ref name="TakashiYoshiya1991"/>. The amino acid hornets get this mixture from the saliva of their young. There are two companies that these hornets consume is often referred to as VAAM (Vespa Amino Acid Mixture) and marketed as two are marketing productsbased on this saliva:* Vespa gel contains Giant Hornet Saliva (GHS) extracted from the insect larvae and each standard gel contains 100mg VAAM per gelof amino acids<ref name="VespaGel"/>.* Another company produces Hornet Juice which contains 17 amino acids in the ratio found in the Giant Hornet Saliva. This mixture is often referred to as VAAM (Vespa Amino Acid Mixture).** Hornet Juice is made in New Zealand, and a drink powder that contains 3similar product, VAAM is produced in Japan. The two differ only in the artificial sweeteners used.** Having a product and the mixture both called VAAM does cause some confusion,700mg so this article will use 'Hornet Juice' for the products and VAAM per servingfor the amino acid mixture.The two types of product are similar, but not identical<ref name="HornetJuiceTakashiYoshiya1991"/>. * GHS contains not just the 17 amino acids, but also small amounts of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine Taurine], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Alanine beta-alanine] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid GABA]. * The amino acids in GHS may be in the form of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide peptides], not isolated amino acids. * GHS contains carbohydrates, including glucose and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose Trehalose].=The proposed Mechanism of Action=The proposed Mechanism of Action behind GHS and Hornet Juice is that it triggers a switch to burning fat for exercise rather than carbohydrate. This is not how the mixture works in the Giant Hornet, which primarily uses carbohydrate and the amino acids for fuel.
=Scientific Studies=
The science behind VAAM is rather limited, with no studies that show an improvement in human endurance performance. There is only one study that used GHS. Here is a brief summary of the studies that are available.* When untrained, fasted mice were put in a pool and forced to swim to avoid drowning, VAAM improved swimming times over water, glucose or casein (a milk protein)<ref name="VAAMSwimMice"/>. This is the only study that shows improved endurancerather than other blood markers. The VAAM given was equivalent to 500 packets of Vespa Gel (700mg/Kg or 52.5g for a 150Lb/75Kg human).** This study also checked the blood lactate and glucose level in the mice after 30 minutes of swimming. This test used GHS in addition to VAAM, and GHS showed a greater level of blood glucose than VAAM, with a similar (low) level of lactate.
* A second similar study again used untrained, fasted mice that swam to avoid drowning. Here VAAM showed increased fat metabolism and increased [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenesis ketogenesis] compared with casein<ref name="VAAMMiceFat"/>.
* Taking 10.8g of VAAM with 38g of sugar increased markers of ketogenesis during 45 minutes of exercise in humans compared with 48.8g sugar<ref name="VAAMketone"/>. This is the equivalent of 108 packs of Vespa Gel.
=Explanations for Anecdotal Support =
There are a large number of highly publicized endorsements of Vespa Gel, including a number of top athletes. There are a number of explanations for this.
* There's an old saying that "absence of evidence is not evidence of absence." It is possible that Vespa Gel does improve endurance performance, but the supporting scientific studies have not yet been performed. While this is possible, this seems unlikely to me given the studies that have been publishedand the tiny amounts of the saliva that are included in each gel.* The benefit of Vespa may be due to the placebo effect, especially given the high cost which generally improves the effectiveness of a placebo<ref name="WaberShiv2008"/>. Some of the reports of improved performance with Vespa are when it's taken with large amounts of protein, which should negate any benefit, strongly suggesting a placebo effect.
* The way Vespa is used may result in indirect performance improvements. Vespa recommends a much lower level of calorie intake when using the Vespa gels than is common in ultra-endurance events. It may be that athletes that use Vespa gels may consume a more effective level of fueling that promotes better performance.
=Recommendations=
* It's hard to recommend taking Vespa gel given it costs $6.75 per packet ($69 for 12) and has little scientific support. To get the amount that improved performance in untrained mice would require eating 500 gels and cost $2,875! . On the other hand, there is little in the Vespa Gel that could cause a problem, so other than the cost it should be low risk. Vespa Gel may be a placebo, but I would argue that a good placebo is worth its weight in gold.* Using [http://www.vaam-power.com/ Hornet Juice] is cheaper at $3 per serving and each serving provides 37 times more VAAM than Vespa Gels. I tried Hornet Juice a number of times on long (24-30 mile) training runs and noticed no difference, but as noted above, Hornet Juice and Vespa Gels are not identical in their ingredients.
=References=
<references>
<ref name="VAAMMiceFat">JAIRO | The Activation of Fatty Acid Metabolism by Vespa Amino Acid Mixture (VAAM)and Related Nutrients during Endurance Exercise in Mice http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0025/00000958/en </ref>
<ref name="VAAMSwimMice">Effects of <I>Vespa</I> Amino Acid Mixture (VAAM) lsolated from Hornet Larval Saliva and Modified VAAM Nutrients on Endurance Exercise in Swimming Mice https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jspfsm1949/44/2/44_2_225/_article </ref>
<ref name="VespaGel">VESPA CV-25 (12 pack of pouches) http://www.vespapower.com/VESPA-CV-25-12-pack-of-pouches_p_7.html </ref>
<ref name="TakashiYoshiya1991">{{cite journal|last1=Takashi|first1=Abe|last2=Yoshiya|first2=Tanaka|last3=Hiromitsu|first3=Miyazaki|last4=Yasuko Y.|first4=Kawasaki|title=Comparative study of the composition of hornet larval saliva, its effect on behaviour and role of trophallaxis|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology|volume=99|issue=1-2|year=1991|pages=79–84|issn=03064492|doi=10.1016/0742-8413(91)90079-9}}</ref>
<ref name="VAAMketone">Science Links Japan | Effects of ingestion of Vespa Amino Acid Mixture (VAAM) under postprandial conditions on blood ketone body concentrations during prolonged exercise in humans. http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200113/000020011301A0397887.php </ref>
</references>