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From Fellrnr.com, Running tips
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While the [[Long Run ]] is a core part of training for endurance races, there is relatively little scientific evidence available. A 2007 review study had a number of recommendations for long distance runners, but none around the Long Run<ref name="Midgley-2007"/>. This entry summarizes the evidence I have been able to locate.
=Correlations between The Long Run and Performance=
This section summarizes the studies that correlate the long run against various factors including marathon finish time and hitting the wall, or injury rate.
==The Long Run and Marathon Performance==
A 1970's study looked for correlations between marathon finish times and metrics from the final two months of training before the race<ref name="Slovic-1977"/>. There is an obvious correlation between the finishing time and both the longest run and overall mileage.
{| class="wikitable"
!Time!!Max Week!!Longest run!!Number of 20+ mile runs!!Mileage over two months
|-
|2:25:00|106|22.3|2.7|627
|-
|2:38:00|86|20.9|2.7|477
|-
|2:54:00|80|21.5|2.9|445
|-
|3:08:00|64|20.5|1.9|331
|-
|3:23:00|57|18.2|1.1|291
|-
|3:38:00|58|18.8|1.2|312
|-
|3:53:00|46|17|0.7|224
|-
|4:15:00|42|15.3|0.4|208
|-
|4:52:00|37|13.1|0.3|174
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[File:Number of 20plus mile runs.jpg|none|thumb|500px|The number of 20+ mile long runs against finish time.]]
|}
Another similar study showed that the number of runs over 16, over 20 miles, the length of the longest run and overall mileage are correlated with finish time<ref name="McKelvie-1985"/>. One study separated out overall mileage from the long run<ref name="Dolgener-1994"/>. In that study, two groups of runners did the same long run schedule but their overall weekly mileage either increased from 18 miles to 39 miles, or from 23 miles to 49 miles. The marathon performance was identical between the groups, suggesting that long run distance may be more important than overall mileage.
==The Long Run and Hitting the Wall==
A study of 315 marathon runners evaluated the factors that are correlated with reported 'Hitting the Wall'. The length of the longest run but not weekly mileage was correlated hitting the wall<ref name="BumanBrewer2008"/>. Further analysis showed that a longest long run of 20 miles or less increased the chance of hitting the wall by 50%<ref name="BumanBrewer2009"/>. Note that for these studies the definition of 'hitting the wall' was up to the subjects; they just had to consider themselves as having 'hit the wall'. While this lose definition has issues, the correlation is still useful as it indicates the runner encountered problems. Of particular interest is that the length of the longest run is the only training metric that correlated with 'hitting the wall'. This correlation may include physiological factors as well as physiological ones.
==Injuries==
I found no studies that showed a correlation between the length of the long run and injuries. There is some evidence that the increase in mileage<ref name="Walter-1989"/>, overall monthly mileage<ref name="Lysholm-"/> or both<ref name="Fredericson-2007"/> is correlated with injuries.
* The faster the pace, the more Glycogen will be used.
The last two factors, distance and pace are considered in my Long Run difficulty calculator that is part of my [[VDOT Calculator]].
=Muscle Damage=
Running, and especially [[Downhill Running]] tends to produce muscle damage and [[Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness]]. This damage immediately weakens the muscles, with recovery and remodeling of the muscle fibers taking around 14 days<ref name="images"/>. After a single bout of DOMS, the muscle fibers undergo 'profound adaptations' to be more resilient<ref name="images"/>. It seems reasonable that this mechanism is a key benefit of the Long Run. Therefore a long run should be long enough to create some muscle damage, while balancing the risk of injury. Similar muscle damage can be seen after a marathon that can take up to 8 weeks to recover from<ref name="Warhol-1985"/>. A study that looked at the effect of a 16 mile (26 Km) training run at around a 8:00 min/mile (5:00 min/km) pace on runners that had not run more than 9 miles (15 Km) before showed that while there were some markers of muscle damage in the blood, there was no muscle soreness as a result<ref name="QuinnManley2012"/>.
<gallery widths=300px heights=200px caption="Muscle damage from eccentric exercise (downhill running)" perrow="2">
File:EccentricA.JPG|Muscle before downhill running<ref name="images"/>
File:EccentricC.JPG|Immediately after downhill running<ref name="images"/>. Notice the disruption to the dark bands (z-bands) that are part of the muscle structure showing there is immediate damage.
File:MarathonFiberDamage2.jpg|Here you can see extreme damage, with only the Z band of the fiber remaining (marked Z). Adjacent fibers show far less damage.
</gallery>
=Anecdotal Advice=
Given the limited scientific information, it seems reasonable to examine the anecdotal advice that is available.
* There are instances of remarkable performances without running long in training. For instance, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Waitz Grete Waitz] never ran more than 12 miles in training before winning the 1979 New York Marathon. However, at the time she was a world class track and cross country athlete who trained at 80-90 miles per week<ref name="GreteWaitz"/>. Her book on marathon training emphasizes the importance of the long run<ref name="WaltzBook"/>.
* Most training plans peak at 20 miles, though JD has 22 mile runs and Jeff Galloway has a 26 mile (2 min/mile slower with walking breaks)
* A consensus of caches suggests a single 20 mile run for novice marathoners and 3-6 long runs peaking at 23 miles for the more experience. <ref name="Higdon"/>.
* Some coaches recommend limiting the length of the long run to a percentage of the weekly mileage, often in the range 25-35%. The rationale for this unclear, and this recommendation could encourage high levels of [[Training Monotony]].
* Using time rather than distance for long runs is sometimes suggested, as a 16 mile run at 11 min/mile would take a similar time to 22 miles at 8 min/mile. For instance, Jack Daniels does not recommend novice marathoners to do a long run longer than 2.5 hours<ref name="JDArticle"/>. This approach may be based around the belief that runs longer than 2 or 3 hours provide little or no additional benefit<ref name="OverLongRun"/>. While there are some animal studies that show the benefits of endurance training plateaus, these studies looked at a limited aspect of endurance (cytochrome c)<ref name="Terjung-1976"/><ref name="Dudley-1982"/> and other animal studies do not show this plateau<ref name="Powers-1994"/>.
* It is often noted that ultramarathon runners do not train with proportionately long training runs. So a runner training for a 100 mile race will not run 76 mile long runs, which would be the equivalent to a 20 mile run for a marathon. In fact, the great ultrarunner Ray Krolewicz does not do training runs longer than 22 miles<ref name="RayK"/>. However, ultrarunners often run many long runs close together. For instance, Ray has done more than one 22 miler on each day of the weekend<ref name="RayK"/>, and 'back to back' long runs of 20-30 miles are commonly prescribed<ref name="UltraPlans"/>. Perhaps more importantly, ultrarunners typically do their long runs as a faster than race pace. Also, ultrarunners typically race frequently enough for the races to contribute to their overall training.
* It seems that many runners who run over 24 miles often do so in organized events, even if they are using the event for training rather racing.
=Long run and total mileage=The effects of the length of the Long Run and the effects of total mileage are hard to distinguish. While there is the obvious interaction that the Long Run itself contributes to the overall mileage, there is the larger question of the relative importance of the two factors. It is generally accepted that a greater total mileage produces greater fitness adaptations up to a point, but diminishing returns occur at some level<ref name="Busso-2003"/>. There is an intuitive interaction between total mileage and the Long Run, as a Long Run on fatigued legs from higher total mileage would have different consequences from a similar Long Run on fresh legs. Currently there does not appear to be sufficient evidence to understand how overall mileage and the length of the long run interact. Is it possible to mimic the benefits of a single long run with multiple shorter runs that have an incomplete recovery? This seems reasonable, though high mileage often produces high levels of [[Training Monotony]] and the risk of [[Overtraining]].
=Recommendations=
=References=
<references>
<ref name="BumanBrewer2008">{{cite journal|last1=Buman|first1=Matthew P.|last2=Brewer|first2=Buman, Britton W.|last3=Cornelius|first3=Brewer, Allen E.|last4=Van Raalte|first4=Cornelius, Judy L.|last5=Petitpas|first5=Van Raalte, Albert J.|title=Petitpas, Hitting the wall in the marathon: Phenomenological characteristics and associations with expectancy, gender, and running history|journal=, Psychology of Sport and Exercise|, volume=9|, issue=2|year=, 2008|, pages=177–190|, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn=/14690292 14690292|], doi=[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.03.003 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.03.003}}]</ref><ref name="Higdon">{{Cite book | last1 = Higdon | first1 = Hal. | title = Higdon, Marathon : the ultimate training guid | , date = 2005 | , publisher = Rodale | , location = Emmaus, Penn. | , isbn = 1-59486-199-4 | pages = }}</ref><ref name="Slovic-1977"> {{Cite journal | last1 = Slovic | first1 = P. | title = Slovic, Empirical study of training and performance in the marathon. | journal = , Res Q | , volume = 48 | , issue = 4 | , pages = 769-77 | month = , Dec | year = 1977 | doi = | , PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/271323 271323 }}]</ref><ref name="BumanBrewer2009">{{cite journal|last1=Buman|first1=Matthew P.|last2=Brewer|first2=Buman, Britton W.|last3=Cornelius|first3=Brewer, Allen E.|title=Cornelius, A discrete-time hazard model of hitting the wall in recreational marathon runners|journal=, Psychology of Sport and Exercise|, volume=10|, issue=6|year=, 2009|, pages=662–666|, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn=/14690292 14690292|], doi [http://dx.doi=.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.04.004 10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.04.004}}]</ref><ref name="McKelvie-1985">{{Cite journal | last1 = McKelvie | first1 = SJ. | last2 = Valliant | first2 = McKelvie, PM. | last3 = Asu | first3 = Valliant, ME. | title = Asu, Physical training and personality factors as predictors of marathon time and training injury. | journal = , Percept Mot Skills | , volume = 60 | , issue = 2 | , pages = 551-66 | month = , Apr | year = 1985 | doi = | , PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4000875 4000875 }}]</ref><ref name="Fredericson-2007">{{Cite journal | last1 = Fredericson | first1 = M. | last2 = Misra | first2 = Fredericson, AK. | title = Misra, Epidemiology and aetiology of marathon running injuries. | journal = , Sports Med | , volume = 37 | , issue = 4-5 | , pages = 437-9 | month = , | year = 2007 | doi = | , PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465629 17465629 }}]</ref><ref name="Dolgener-1994">{{Cite journal | last1 = Dolgener | first1 = FA. | last2 = Kolkhorst | first2 = Dolgener, FW. | last3 = Whitsett | first3 = Kolkhorst, DA. | title = Whitsett, Long slow distance training in novice marathoners. | journal = , Res Q Exerc Sport | , volume = 65 | , issue = 4 | , pages = 339-46 | month = , Dec | year = 1994 | doi = | , PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7886283 7886283 }}]</ref><ref name="Walter-1989">{{Cite journal | last1 = Walter | first1 = SD. | last2 = Hart | first2 = Walter, LE. | last3 = McIntosh | first3 = Hart, JM. | last4 = Sutton | first4 = McIntosh, JR. | title = Sutton, The Ontario cohort study of running-related injuries. | journal = , Arch Intern Med | , volume = 149 | , issue = 11 | , pages = 2561-4 | month = , Nov | year = 1989 | doi = | , PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2818114 2818114 }}]</ref><ref name="Lysholm-">{{Cite journal | last1 = J. Lysholm | first1 = , J. | last2 = Wiklander | first2 = J. | title = , Injuries in runners. | journal = , Am J Sports Med | , volume = 15 | , issue = 2 | , pages = 168-71 | month = | year = | doi = | , PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3578639 3578639 }}]</ref>
<ref name="GreteWaitz">Grete Waitz's Tips For First-Time Marathoners http://running.competitor.com/2010/06/features/grete-waitz%E2%80%99s-tips-for-first-time-marathoners_10606 </ref>
<ref name="WaltzBook">{{Cite book | last1 = Grete Waitz | first1 = Grete | last2 = , Gloria Averbuch | first2 = Gloria | title = , Run your first marathon : everything you need to know to reach the finish lin | , date = 2010 | , publisher = Skyhorse Pub. | , location = New York | , isbn = 1-61608-036-1 | pages = }}</ref>
<ref name="JDArticle">Marathon Training: Shorten the Long Run | Active.com http://www.active.com/running/Articles/Marathon-Training--Shorten-the-Long-Run </ref>
<ref name="RayK">TRAINING WISDOM FROM AN ULTRAMARATHONING LEGEND http://www.ncctrackclub.com/articles/RayKrolewiczLEGEND.html </ref>
<ref name="UltraPlans">UltraLadies Running Club Trail 100-Mile Event Training Schedule - Trail Run Events http://www.trailrunevents.com/ul/schedule-100m.asp </ref>
<ref name="OverLongRun">Are You Overemphasizing The Marathon Long Run? http://running.competitor.com/2012/07/training/are-you-overemphasizing-the-marathon-long-run_55719/2 </ref>
<ref name="Dudley-1982">{{Cite journal | last1 = Dudley | first1 = GA. | last2 = Abraham | first2 = Dudley, WM. | last3 = Terjung | first3 = Abraham, RL. | title = Terjung, Influence of exercise intensity and duration on biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle. | journal = , J Appl Physiol | , volume = 53 | , issue = 4 | , pages = 844-50 | month = , Oct | year = 1982 | doi = | , PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6295989 6295989 }}]</ref><ref name="Terjung-1976">{{Cite journal | last1 = Terjung | first1 = RL. | title = Terjung, Muscle fiber involvement during training of different intensities and durations. | journal = , Am J Physiol | , volume = 230 | , issue = 4 | , pages = 946-50 | month = , Apr | year = 1976 | doi = | , PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/178189 178189 }}]</ref><ref name="Powers-1994">{{Cite journal | last1 = Powers | first1 = SK. | last2 = Criswell | first2 = Powers, D. | last3 = Lawler | first3 = Criswell, J. | last4 = Ji | first4 = Lawler, LL. | last5 = Martin | first5 = Ji, D. | last6 = Herb | first6 = Martin, RA. | last7 = Dudley | first7 = Herb, G. | title = Dudley, Influence of exercise and fiber type on antioxidant enzyme activity in rat skeletal muscle. | journal = , Am J Physiol | , volume = 266 | , issue = 2 Pt 2 | , pages = R375-80 | month = , Feb | year = 1994 | doi = | , PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8141392 8141392 }}]</ref>
<ref name="selective">Selective glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle fibers of man following sustained contractions [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1331072/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1331072/] </ref>
<ref name="images">Neuromuscular disease-associated proteins and eccentric exercise [http://jp.physoc.org/content/543/1/297.full.pdf http://jp.physoc.org/content/543/1/297.full.pdf] </ref>
<ref name="Warhol-1985"> {{Cite journal | last1 = Warhol | first1 = MJ. | last2 = Siegel | first2 = Warhol, AJ. | last3 = Evans | first3 = Siegel, WJ. | last4 = Silverman | first4 = Evans, LM. | title = Silverman, Skeletal muscle injury and repair in marathon runners after competition. | journal = , Am J Pathol | , volume = 118 | , issue = 2 | , pages = 331-9 | month = , Feb | year = 1985 | doi = | , PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3970143 3970143 }}]</ref><ref name="Midgley-2007"> {{Cite journal | last1 = Midgley | first1 = AW. | last2 = McNaughton | first2 = Midgley, LR. | last3 = Jones | first3 = McNaughton, AM. | title = Jones, Training to enhance the physiological determinants of long-distance running performance: can valid recommendations be given to runners and coaches based on current scientific knowledge? | journal = , Sports Med | , volume = 37 | , issue = 10 | , pages = 857-80 | month = , | year = 2007 | doi = | , PMID = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17887811 17887811 }}]</ref><ref name="QuinnManley2012">{{cite journal|last1=Quinn|first1=Timothy J.|last2=Manley|first2=Quinn, Michelle J.|title=Manley, The impact of a long training run on muscle damage and running economy in runners training for a marathon|journal=, Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness|, volume=10|, issue=2|year=, 2012|, pages=101–106|, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn=/1728869X 1728869X|], doi [http://dx.doi=.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2012.10.008 10.1016/j.jesf.2012.10.008}}]</ref><ref name="Busso-2003"> T. Busso, Variable dose-response relationship between exercise training and performance., Med Sci Sports Exerc, volume 35, issue 7, pages 1188-95, Jul 2003, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000074465.13621.37 10.1249/01.MSS.0000074465.13621.37], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12840641 12840641]</ref>
</references>
