Changes

== Introduction ==I take magnesium for three reasons - migrainesMagnesium deficiency is common, and may result in poor performance, diabetes, endurance and bone many other healthproblems. Magnesium supplementation is vital to lifegenerally safe with little risk of excessive intake, being part of every cell<ref name="a6"/>though some forms can cause GI problems. It is even a critical part Magnesium Glycinate or Magnesium Orotate are the best forms of energy supplysupplementation, being needed for ATP usagebut they are more expensive. I believe it is Food sources of magnesium include nuts, cereals, coffee, green leafy vegetables, chocolate and tap water in hard water areas. Exercise may exacerbate magnesium deficiency, and Ultrarunning may impact magnesium levels for up to a critical micronutrient for runnersyear. == * '''Deficiency ==Only 32'''. About 30-50+% of the US population gets their RDA of are magnesiumdeficient, and only 27% in NC <ref name="a7"/> Magnesium levels in the blood fall after but exercise is likely to exacerbate magnesium deficiency. While this may be due to increased losses, longer duration (20+ hours) has been shown to create a marathon, which suggests that runners are far more at risk for magnesium protracted deficiency than sedentary peoplethat is still present 10-11 months later. * '''Running'''. There is even some suggestion<ref name="a5"/> good evidence that magnesium deficiency is related can result in impaired running performance. This may be due to the death role of a marathon runner due to mitral valve prolapsemagnesium in glucose metabolism, but magnesium is involved in over 300 enzymes so there could be many other mechanisms. == Endurance ==There is some good evidence for that magnesium supplementation for improving improves athletic performancein those that are deficient. "That means that athletes wouldn* '''Heath'''t be able to work or train as long as they would if they had better magnesium levels" <ref name="a4"/>. There Magnesium is evidence that magnesium deficiency can result involved in a significant reduction in exercise performance <ref name="a9"/>over 300 enzymes and has far-reaching and profound impacts on human health.** '''Diabetes'''. There is increased loss of excellent evidence that magnesium in athletes <ref name="a8"/> through sweat is related to Type 2 diabetes and that magnesium supplementation helps with the insulin resistance of diabetes and urine. It seems a reasonable assumption to this author that the increased sweating that occurs in an NC summer would exacerbate this losspre-diabetes. == Bone Health ==Magnesium ** '''Bones'''. There is good evidence that magnesium is a critical component of bonesfor bone health and preventing osteoporosis, making up about 1% along with calcium and Vitamin D.** '''Migraine'''. There is reasonable evidence that magnesium can help reduce the frequency and severity of migraines in some individuals, but given the structure. Lower levels of safety and cheapness, magnesium produce, more brittle bones with larger bone crystals <ref name="a1"/>is recommended for all migraine sufferers. ** '''Depression'''. Inadequate There is limited evidence that magnesium results in lower blood calcium levels, resistance to hormone that control bone density can help with depression, but given the impact of depression combined with the low cost and reduction safety of vitamin D effect; all result in reduced bone density <ref name="a1"/>. magnesium, supplementation is highly recommended. ** '''Insomnia'''. There is some evidence that magnesium can be useful in the treatment of insomnia and magnesium supplementation on its own will help bone density <ref name="a10"/>is recommended for insomniacs. ** '''Aging'''. One study showed this There are some interesting initial indications that magnesium deficiency may play a role in healthy older white subjectthe aging process, but not in black subjects <ref name="a11"/>and that magnesium is important for protecting DNA.** '''Epilepsy'''. Magnesium The research into magnesium and epilepsy is also believed too limited to reach any conclusion. However, given the safety and cost of magnesium combined with the potentially devastating impact of epilepsy that it would be critical prudent to calcium absorption <ref name="a15"/>try magnesium supplementation. (If you have concerns over bone density, don** '''Cramps'''t forget to make sure you are getting enough Vitamin D.) == Migraines ==There is There is only the most tenuous of evidence for that magnesium supplementation helping prevent migraines <ref name="a2"/><ref name="a3"/>might help with cramps.** '''Other Health Implications'''. Personally I have seen Magnesium deficiency has also been linked to a reduction in my migraineswide variety of other conditions including asthma, emphysema, and an improvement in my low light vision. If you suffer from migrainesADHD, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, I would strongly recommend reading the reference articleshigh blood pressure. I also found that the supplement [[MSM * '''Recommended Intake'''. The recommended intake is 400 mg for men and Migraines|MSM]] caused me migraines320 mg for women, but vitamin B2 has reduced themthough this recommendation varies with age. == Cramps ==There is some very tenuous evidence that * '''Food Sources'''. The most common source of magnesium can help with muscle cramps <ref name="a12"/>tends to be cereals and tap water in hard water areas. This is not While nuts are a problem I suffer fromgood source of magnesium, so I have no personal perspectiveit is impractical to get your RDA without excessive calorie intake. == Other Impacts of Deficiency ==sources include green leafy vegetables, and chocolate.There are studies that have linked * '''Supplementation'''. Cheaper forms of magnesium deficiency with asthmatend to cause diarrhea, emphysema, Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Depression, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure in women, and several other problemsso check the ingredients list of any magnesium containing supplements. I use Magnesium Glycinate or Magnesium Orotate. <ref name="a1"[http://><ref name="a16"www.amazon.com/> == Increasing Intake ==BulkSupplements-Magnesium, is absorbed at about 30-40% efficiency <ref name="a13"Glycinate-Powder-grams/>. Good sources of magnesium dp/B00F7OZJQE Magnesium Glycinate powder] will mix easily in food include nutsa sports drink, cereals, coffee, green leafy vegetables and especially chocolate <ref name="a13"but I generally use the more expensive [http://www.amazon.com/Nci-Hans-Nieper-Magnesium-Orotate/dp/>B000FLLTLS Magnesium Orotate].* '''Deficiency testing'''. Cheap supplements use Testing the magnesium oxide, which levels in blood is very hard an ineffective approach, as applied to absorb; I use levels do not reflect overall magnesium orotatestatus. Instead, though chelated forms are also supposed to work well. Avoid taking Magnesium sulfate as it a magnesium load test is used to treat constipation <ref namerequired which looks at the level of magnesium absorbed when a supplement is provided.=Deficiency="a14"/>Magnesium deficiency is a remarkably common, and may be more prevalent amongst athletes than the general population. Vitamin C can help absorption The USDA reports show that only 32% of the US population gets their RDA of minerals. Therefore I take magnesium with Vitamin C on an empty stomach. (Bathing , and only 23% in Georgia, 24% in Arkansas, 26% in Epson Salts can also raise magnesium levels Tennessee, 27% in the blood.) North Carolina, 28% in South Carolina, Texas, Louisiana & Mississippi<ref name== Risks ==My research indicates "USDA-intake "/>. However, other studies suggest that the majority of the US population does not get sufficient magnesium is generally <ref name="Ford-2003"/>.=Magnesium and Running=Magnesium deficiency can result in a safe supplement at RDA type levels. Excess significant reduction in exercise performance and magnesium is filtered by supplementation can improve athletic performance in those that are magnesium deficient. The benefits of magnesium supplementation in insulin resistance and diabetes may be linked to the kidneysbenefits seen in athletes.* Triathlete given magnesium supplementation had lower blood insulin and cortisol levels, so overdose is normally only an issue for people and higher blood glucose compared with kidney issuescontrols<ref name="Golf-1998"/>. * Rats fed a magnesium deficient diet have a reduced exercise capacity<ref name="Keen-1987"/>. * Magnesium supplements can cause diarrhea, but this seems to be linked to levels in the type of supplement. As blood have been correlated with all my advice, verify it independently. If you have any doubts, consult your physician[[VO2max|V̇O₂max]] in athletes but not in untrained subjects<ref name="Lukaski-1983"/>. == My Usage ==I buy my * Magnesium Orotate from Lucky Vitamin as they seem to have deficiency which can result in a significant reduction in exercise performance<ref name="McDonald-1988"/>.* Magnesium levels in the best price I have found - http:://www.luckyvitamin.com/item/itemKey/55469. I generally take one tablet (500mg) with Vitamin C on rising, and another post runblood of patients with type II diabetes are correlated with [[VO2max|V̇O₂max]] <ref name="Kobayashi-1998"/>.* Magnesium deficiency increases the energy cost of exercise in postmenopausal women<ref name="Lukaski-2002"/>.* Six healthy males given 240mg/day of Potassium-magnesium-aspartate had 50% greater insurance on a bicycle ergometer compared with controls<ref name="Ahlborg-1968"/>.* Subjects given 314 mg/day of magnesium oxide had improved [[Running Economy]] and increased time to exhaustion during a treadmill run<ref name="Brilla-1995"/>.* Some studies have shown no benefit from magnesium supplementation, even in those with a low blood magnesium levels<ref name="Finstad-2001"/><ref name="Newhouse-2000"/>. However, it is possible that this is because blood magnesium levels do not adequately reflect overall magnesium deficiency, and none of the studies used magnesium load test. There are also many other confounding factors<ref name="Newhouse-2000"/>. * Untrained subjects given Magnesium supplementation during strength training developed greater quadriceps strength than controls<ref name="Brilla-1992"/>.* Subjects who are deficient in both [[Potassium]] and Magnesium who are given just potassium supplements have normalized serum potassium levels, but not normalized muscle potassium until magnesium supplementation is also given<ref name="WhangWelt1963"/><ref name="Dyckner-1978"/>. Therefore, magnesium may be important in maintaining normal electrolyte levels.=Exercise and Magnesium Loss =Exercise, especially in hot or humid conditions, can exacerbate magnesium losses, making magnesium deficiency even more likely. Protracted, strenuous exercise such as a longer ultramarathon could result in reduced magnesium levels that last for up to a year. * There are indications that [[Heat Acclimation Training| heat acclimation]] reduces magnesium loss in sweat <ref name="Chinevere-2008"/>, but there are concerns that this reduction is an artifact of methodological errors <ref name="Ely-2011"/><ref name="Baker-2011"/>. (It seems reasonable to me that the reduction in magnesium in the sweat may be due to the migration of magnesium from plasma to the erythrocytes that occurs during exercise. It also seems plausible that this migration may be a way for the body to conserve magnesium during exercise.)* Estimates of magnesium losses in sweat with sweat rates of 2.8L/hr have been as high as 18-60mg/liter<ref name="Costill-1977"/>.* Generally people lose about 2mg/100ml of urine<ref name="Heaton-1969"/>, or about 120 to 140 mg/day<ref name="Kazuo-1981"/>, but this is reduced during magnesium deficiency as the kidneys will reabsorb more<ref name="Heaton-1969"/>. Magnesium concentrations in the urine have been shown to drop during a marathon<ref name="Lijnen-1988"/>.* [[High Intensity Interval Training]] increases urinary magnesium losses by 30% on the day of exercise, as well as a temporary (2 hour) reduction in plasma magnesium levels due to a shift of the magnesium into the red blood cells<ref name="Deuster-1987"/>. * A study of runners at the Boston marathon showed a significant drop in serum magnesium levels after the race<ref name="Rose-1970"/>. Other studies showed a similar drop in magnesium levels after a marathon, along with a rebound to pre-price levels some hours after the finish<ref name="Franz-1985"/><ref name="Lijnen-1988"/>.* In one study, 20 highly trained male subjects underwent 120 km/76 mile hike in 22 hours, and their magnesium levels remained depleted 3 months later<ref name="Stendig-Lindberg-1987"/>. A follow-up study of 2 additional groups showed that the magnesium levels remained depressed for 10 to 11 months<ref name="Stendig-Lindberg-1991"/>. This could have important ramifications for ultrarunners, as longer ultras could produce protracted magnesium deficit. =Magnesium and Health=Magnesium is required for over 300 different enzymes in the body, as well as structures like the bones<ref name="Wacker-1968"/>.==Type 2 Diabetes==Magnesium supplementation may provide both protection from diabetes and help in treatment of the disease. Magnesium may also help with prediabetic insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. Normal magnesium serum levels do not preclude the benefit from magnesium supplementation.* The ARIC study of 15,800 people, aged 45 to 64 between 1986 and 1990 showed that lower magnesium intake is associated with higher insulin levels, as well as higher cholesterol and blood pressure (adjusted for age, race, BMI, smoking)<ref name="MaFolsom1995"/>.* Magnesium deficiency is also associated with the metabolic syndrome<ref name="Volpe2008"/>, which is defined as two or more of high blood glucose, high blood pressure, high triglycerides or cholesterol, and obesity.* Studies have shown a strong link between Type 2 diabetes and magnesium intake/serum levels<ref name="BarbagalloDominguez2007"/><ref name="Lopez-RidauraWillett2004"/><ref name="SongManson2004"/>* A study of 27,548 people between 1994 and 1998 showed that higher cereal fiber and magnesium intakes are associated with lower rates of diabetes risk<ref name="Schulze2007"/>. * A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of magnesium supplementation on subjects with type II diabetes and low serum magnesium showed improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic control<ref name="Rodriguez-MoranGuerrero-Romero2003"/>.* A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of magnesium supplementation on subjects who had normal blood magnesium levels, were non-diabetic, but were overweight and had insulin resistance showed that the magnesium significantly improved insulin sensitivity and fasting blood glucose levels<ref name="MoorenKrüger2011"/>.* Insulin regulates magnesium levels<ref name="BarbagalloDominguez2007"/>, creating some possible feedback.* Low cellular magnesium results in insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, heart muscle and fat tissue<ref name="BarbagalloDominguez2007"/>.==Bone Health==Magnesium is a critical for the long-term health of the bones and magnesium deficiency is linked to osteoporosis. * Magnesium is a critical component of bones, making up about 1% of the structure<ref name="Aydın2013"/>. * Lower levels of magnesium produce more brittle bones with larger bone crystals<ref name="Sojka-1995"/>. * Magnesium deficiency is linked to osteoporosis<ref name="Durlach-1998"/><ref name="SahotaMundey2006"/><ref name="RudeGruber2004"/><ref name="Sojka2009"/><ref name="Freudenheim-1986"/>* There is some evidence that magnesium supplementation helps improve bone density and to prevent fractures <ref name="Sojka2009"/>. * One study showed that magnesium intake was correlated with bone density in healthy older white subject, but not in black subjects<ref name="Ryder-2005"/>. (This is in keeping with the research that indicates racial differences in the effect of nutrition on bone density.)* Supplementation with calcium and vitamin D may also be important for maintaining healthy bone density<ref name="Dawson-HughesHarris1997"/>.==Migraines==There is reasonable evidence for magnesium supplementation helping reduce the frequency and severity of migraines in some individuals. Personally I have seen a reduction in my migraines with Magnesium supplementation, as well as an improvement in my low light vision. I also found that the supplement [[MSM and Migraines|MSM]] caused me migraines, but vitamin B2 has reduced them.* It has been suggested that all migraine sufferers should be treated with magnesium supplementation. This recommendation is based on the safety, cost, and effectiveness of magnesium supplementation, with an estimate that about half of all migraine sufferers would benefit<ref name="Mauskop-2012"/>.* A study showed lower levels of magnesium within the blood cells of migraine sufferers, though the serum levels were the same<ref name="SchoenenSianard-Gainko1991"/>.* The level of magnesium within the brain of migraine sufferers is lower<ref name="RamadanHalvorson1989"/>.* 600 mg of magnesium per day significantly reduced the number of days with migraines, reduced the consumption of migraine medication, as well as tending to reduce the duration and intensity of the migraines though this tendency was not significant<ref name="PeikertWilimzig1996"/>.* Giving 240 mg of magnesium as twice a day had no impact on a group of migraine sufferers<ref name="PfaffenrathWessely1996"/>. However, the form of magnesium was Magnesium Aspartate and Aspartate may have neurological effects of its own<ref name="Chen-2005"/>.* Intravenous magnesium does not appear to be effective for the acute treatment of migraine attacks<ref name="ChoiParmar2013"/>.* 500 mg per day of magnesium oxide produced a significant reduction in the number and severity of migraines<ref name="Talebi-2013"/>.==Depression==While trials have not been completed to show that Magnesium supplementation is an effective treatment for depression, the evidence so far is highly encouraging. Given the low cost and safety of magnesium supplementation, I believe that it is a viable approach to try. * A systematic review of twenty-one cross-sectional studies and three intervention trials indicated that there higher intakes of magnesium seems to be associated with lower depression symptoms<ref name="DeromSayón-Orea2013"/>. * A study of 402 students living abroad showed the relationship between magnesium and depression persists after even after adjustments for sex, age, body mass index, monthly expenses, close friends, living on campus, smoking (current and former), education, physical activity, and marital status<ref name="YaryAazami2012"/>. * There are a number of case studies of successful treatment of major depression with magnesium (typically 100-200mg per meal)<ref name="EbyEby2006"/>. * However, the treatment of depression with magnesium is still a hypothesis, with no large scale interventions yet complete<ref name="EbyEby2010"/>, though at least one is underway<ref name="clinicaltrials.gov"/>. Of the three interventions I found:* Magnesium was as effective as an antidepressant (Imipramine/Tofranil) in the treatment of depressed elderly type 2 diabetics with low magnesium levels<ref name="Barragán-Rodríguez-2008"/>.* Magnesium did not help with premenstrual depression<ref name="Walker-1998"/>.* A study of 350 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass who were giving magnesium or a placebo. Postoperatively the magnesium group did better than the placebo group who had prolonged declines in short-term memory and reemergence of primitive reflexes. However, at 3 months other factors (older age, previous stroke, and lower education level) were associated with depression, not the administration of magnesium<ref name="Bhudia-2006"/>.==Insomnia==The limited studies that have been completed indicate that magnesium may be a useful approach to treating insomnia. Given its cheapness and safety, combined with numerous other health benefits, it seems reasonable for insomniacs to try magnesium supplementation. * A study of the elderly subjects showed that 500mg magnesium increased sleep time, increased sleep efficiency, reduced insomnia scores, reduced sleep onset latency, but it did not change total sleep time<ref name="Abbasi-2012"/>.* Residents in a long term care facility in Italy that suffer from insomnia were given a supplement containing magnesium that improved the quality of sleep and the quality of life<ref name="RondanelliOpizzi2011"/>. The supplement contained 5 mg melatonin, 225 mg magnesium, and 11.25 mg zinc. * Magnesium supplementation partially reversed the age related changes in sleep EEG and sleep hormones in elderly subjects <ref name="HeldAntonijevic2002"/>.* Intravenous magnesium changed the sleep EEG of healthy men suggesting it may be useful in controlling depressive symptoms and seizures<ref name="MurckSteiger1998"/>* Magnesium levels in newborn babies is correlated to their sleep behavior<ref name="Dralle-1980"/>.* Rats fed a magnesium deficient diet had poor quality sleep, with increased wakefulness and reduced slow wave (deep) sleep. The rats sleep pattern was returned to normal when magnesium was reintroduced to the diet<ref name="Depoortere-1993"/>.* Most<ref name="Wilder-Smith-1998"/><ref name="Apan-2004"/><ref name="Kara-2002"/><ref name="MavrommatiGabopoulou2004"/><ref name="Tramer-1996"/><ref name="KoinigWallner1998"/><ref name="Bhatia-2004"/>, but not all<ref name="ZarauzaSez-Fernndez2000"/><ref name="Tramèr-2007"/> studies show that Magnesium helps with post-operative pain management, including its impact on sleep.==Aging==There are promising indications that magnesium deficiency may accelerate aging. While the research is at an early stage, the results so far look promising.* There are suggestions in the scientific community that magnesium may play a role in the aging process<ref name="Rowe2012"/>. * Telomerase, an enzyme that protects DNA from degradation during cell replication<ref name="Olovnikov-1973"/>, has a critical role in anti-aging and cancer<ref name="FengFunk1995"/>. * A short term deficiency in magnesium has been shown to reduce Telomerase activity, and induce DNA damage in rats<ref name="Shah-2014"/>.* A study of isolated human cells showed that magnesium deficiency reduced their reproductive lifespan<ref name="KillileaAmes2008"/>.* Magnesium is related to DNA stability and repair<ref name="Hartwig-2001"/>.==Epilepsy==There are some initial indications that magnesium might help with epilepsy, but there is too little evidence to reach a conclusion<ref name="Yuen-2012"/><ref name="Gupta-1994"/>. * Animal studies on magnesium and epilepsy.** Animal brains that are perfused with a magnesium free solution result in seizure like activity<ref name="AndersonAnderson1986"/><ref name="TancrediAvoli1988"/><ref name="QuilichiniDiabira2002"/>.** Rats given a magnesium deficient diet had decreased seizure thresholds and latencies, but subsequent magnesium supplementation produced increasing seizure thresholds and latencies<ref name="SpasovIezhitsa2007"/>.** When seizures were provoked in rats (using [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol pentylenetetrazol] ), neither magnesium nor a low dose of the anticonvulsant valproate prevented the seizures, but the combination was effective<ref name="SafarAbdallah2010"/>. ** Sheep made deficient in magnesium via dietary restriction have increased seizures<ref name="LeaverParkinson1987"/>.** Magnesium has anticonvulsant properties for some types of induced convulsions<ref name="Decollogne1997"/>.* Magnesium deficiency and epilepsy.** A 1965 study suggested a relationship between epilepsy and magnesium levels<ref name="CANELAS-1965"/>.** There are case studies of adults and babies with low magnesium related seizures<ref name="Fagan-2001"/><ref name="WeislederTobin2002"/>.** Recent studies have shown lower magnesium levels in people with epilepsy compared with controls<ref name="Oladipo-2003"/><ref name="SinertZehtabchi2007"/>.** A study of idiopathic epilepsy showed that magnesium levels fall on day one and 4 of the seizures, but not on day 7<ref name="Gupta-1994"/>.** Low magnesium levels were seen in 100 epileptic patients compared with controls, and levels of magnesium in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid cerebrospinal fluid] were correlated with increased frequency, poor control and longer duration of seizures<ref name="Sood-1993"/>.* Magnesium supplementation for epilepsy.** There are case reports of infants with low magnesium that had seizures responded to magnesium supplementation<ref name="VisudhiphanVisudtibhan2005"/><ref name="Prebble1995"/><ref name="Unachak-2002"/>.** A 18-year-old woman with refractory status epilepticus (RSE) was treated with magnesium which resulted in neurologic recovery but there was some degree of retrograde amnesia<ref name="Pandey-2010"/>.** Infantile spasms (IS) is an age-specific and severe epileptic condition that does not normally respond to conventional antiepileptic drugs. ACTH has been used for IS, but it is associated with infection and hypertension. The use of ACTH alone and in conjunction with Magnesium showed a greater response to the combination<ref name="ZouWang2010"/>.==Cramps==There is some very tenuous evidence that magnesium can help with [[Muscle|muscle]] [[Cramps]] <ref name="Bergeron-2007"/>. ==Other Impacts of Deficiency==There are studies that have linked magnesium deficiency with asthma, emphysema, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, high blood pressure, and several other problems<ref name="UoM"/><ref name="MaFolsom1995"/><ref name="Hollifield-1987"/><ref name="Touyz-2003"/><ref name="Seelig-1974"/>.=Recommended Intake=The recommended daily intake of Magnesium varies with age, gender as well as pregnancy/lactation<ref name="IOM-1997"/>. Note that these values are the intakes in milligrams of the elemental Magnesium and some supplements specify the weight of the compound. For instance, 2,000mg of Magnesium Glycinate (an amino acid chelate) provides 200 mg of elemental Magnesium. Also, higher fiber intakes can reduce the absorption of magnesium<ref name="Siener-1995"/><ref name="Wisker-1991"/>, and as might high intakes of cola<ref name="Weiss-1992"/><ref name="Berrill-1992"/>.{| class="wikitable"! Age! Male! Female! Pregnancy! Lactation|-| Birth to 6 months| 30 mg*| 30 mg*| | |-| 7–12 months| 75 mg*| 75 mg*| | |-| 1–3 years| 80 mg| 80 mg| | |-| 4–8 years| 130 mg| 130 mg| | |-| 9–13 years| 240 mg| 240 mg| | |-| 14–18 years| 410 mg| 360 mg| 400 mg| 360 mg|-| 19–30 years| 400 mg| 310 mg| 350 mg| 310 mg|-| 31–50 years| 420 mg| 320 mg| 360 mg| 320 mg|-| 51+ years| 420 mg| 320 mg| | |}=Magnesium from Food=Good sources of magnesium in food include nuts, cereals, coffee, green leafy vegetables and especially chocolate. Below is a list of common food sources of magnesium<ref name="NIHFact"/>, though in practice hard drinking water may contribute 9-27% of the US magnesium intake<ref name="Marier-1986"/>. Note that some of these sources would require higher than normal intake. For instance, getting 400mg of Magnesium from Almonds would require 5oz, which is 810 Calories! {| class="wikitable"! Food! Milligrams (mg) perserving! PercentDV*|-| Almonds, dry roasted, 1 ounce| 80| 20|-| Spinach, boiled, ½ cup| 78| 20|-| Cashews, dry roasted, 1 ounce| 74| 19|-| Peanuts, oil roasted, ¼ cup| 63| 16|-| Cereal, shredded wheat, 2 large biscuits| 61| 15|-| Soymilk, plain or vanilla, 1 cup| 61| 15|-| Black beans, cooked, ½ cup| 60| 15|-| Edamame, shelled, cooked, ½ cup| 50| 13|-| Peanut butter, smooth, 2 tablespoons| 49| 12|-| Bread, whole wheat, 2 slices| 46| 12|-| Avocado, cubed, 1 cup| 44| 11|-| Potato, baked with skin, 3.5 ounces| 43| 11|-| Rice, brown, cooked, ½ cup| 42| 11|-| Yogurt, plain, low fat, 8 ounces| 42| 11|-| Breakfast cereals, fortified with 10% of the DV for magnesium| 40| 10|-| Oatmeal, instant, 1 packet| 36| 9|-| Kidney beans, canned, ½ cup| 35| 9|-| Banana, 1 medium| 32| 8|-| Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, cooked, 3 ounces| 26| 7|-| Milk, 1 cup| 24–27| 6–7|-| Halibut, cooked, 3 ounces| 24| 6|-| Raisins, ½ cup| 23| 6|-| Chicken breast, roasted, 3 ounces| 22| 6|-| Beef, ground, 90% lean, pan broiled, 3 ounces| 20| 5|-| Broccoli, chopped and cooked, ½ cup| 12| 3|-| Rice, white, cooked, ½ cup| 10| 3|-| Apple, 1 medium| 9| 2|-| Carrot, raw, 1 medium| 7| 2|} =Magnesium Supplementation=There are a variety of forms of magnesium supplementation, and while Magnesium Oxide is cheap and commonly used, it's poorly absorbed. The best sources are Magnesium Glycinate or Magnesium Orotate. You can get [http://www.amazon.com/BulkSupplements-Magnesium-Glycinate-Powder-grams/dp/B00F7OZJQE Magnesium Glycinate in pure powder form] relatively cheaply, and it will mix easily in a sports drink. The taste is slightly sweet and I find it is not unpleasant. However, I generally prefer [http://www.amazon.com/Nci-Hans-Nieper-Magnesium-Orotate/dp/B000FLLTLS Magnesium Orotate], which is more expensive but I've never had any G.I. problems from it even at high doses. The table below lists some of the characteristics of various magnesium formulations. (From Ranade-2001<ref name="Ranade-2001"/> unless otherwise noted.){| class="wikitable"! Form! Mg oxide! Mg chloride! Mg carbonate! Mg citrate! Mg gluconate! Mg Glycinate (amino acid chelate)! Mg Orotate! Mg lactate! Mg aspartate|-| Elemental Mg per 100mg| | | | | | 10mg| 31g| | |-| Bioavailability| Extremely poor (~4%<ref name="Firoz-2001"/>, no better than placebo<ref name="Walker-2003"/>). (effervescent form is better<ref name="Siener-2011"/>)| Good| Good| Good<ref name="Lindberg-1990"/><ref name="Walker-2003"/>| Good| Good<ref name="Walker-2003"/>| | Good<ref name="Firoz-2001"/>| Goo<ref name="Firoz-2001"/>|-| Solubility in water| Extremely low (8.6mg/L)| High| Insoluble| High<ref name="Lindberg-1990"/>| Moderate| Good| | | |-| Percentage absorbed (Mg depleted rats)<ref name="Coudray-2005"/>| 48.4| 48.8| 43.8| 50.1| 56.8| | | 47.9| 46.8|-| Side effects| Diarrhea| GI Distress, Diarrhea| GI Distress, Diarrhea| GI Distress, Diarrhea| GI Distress, Diarrhea| Expensive| | | |}=Factors that Influence Magnesium Levels=Only 30-50% of consumed magnesium is typically absorbed<ref name="Stipanuk=2013"/>, though the absorption rate varies with the dose between 10-65%, with higher doses having lower absorption rates<ref name="FineSanta Ana1991"/>. Other factors that influence magnesium absorption include:* Lactose (milk) may improve magnesium absorption<ref name="GropperSmith2012"/>.* High-phosphate diets have decreased magnesium absorption<ref name="Itokawa1989"/>. ** Note that many foods high in [[Fiber]] are also high in phosphate, but high fiber vegetables are generally magnesium rich and may offset the reduction in absorption.* Low protein intake (<30g/day) may exacerbate magnesium deficiency<ref name="Mcclanahan-1969"/>.* Vitamin D supplementation improves magnesium absorption even in those individuals with adequate levels of vitamin D<ref name="Hardwick-1991"/>.* Diuretics, including alcohol, increase magnesium losses in the urine<ref name="Wester-1987"/>.* Hard drinking water may contribute 9 to 27% of the magnesium intake in the US<ref name="Marier-1986"/>. =Risks=My research indicates that magnesium is generally a safe supplement at RDA levels. Excess magnesium is filtered by the kidneys, so overdose is normally only an issue for people with kidney issues. Magnesium supplements can cause diarrhea, and this is common in many of the compounds except for Magnesium Oratate. If you have any doubts, consult your physician.=Magnesium in the Body=The adult human contains about 24 g of magnesium, 60% in the skeleton, 39% intracellular (20% in skeletal muscle), and only one percent extracellular<ref name="Wester-1987"/>. The extracellular pool of magnesium has the quickest turnover, the intracellular pool turnover is half as quick, and the skeletal pool has a very slow turnover<ref name="Wester-1987"/>. =Magnesium Testing=Testing for blood magnesium levels is reasonably cheap, [http://www.walkinlab.com/heart-health-tests/magnesiumserumtest.html costing $32 at walkinlabs] (July 2014). However, there are concerns that testing for blood levels of magnesium will not detect the levels in the brain which may be responsible for headaches and migraines<ref name="Tepper-2013"/>. In fact, while serum magnesium levels are controlled in a narrow range, intracellular magnesium deficiency can occur with normal serum magnesium levels<ref name="Wester-1987"/>. It has been suggested that a magnesium tolerance test may be a better indication of low magnesium<ref name="Rude-1993"/>. Another approach is the magnesium load test, where subjects' urine magnesium levels are compared before and after magnesium supplementation; magnesium deficient subjects will retain more of the magnesium and have relatively lower urinary magnesium concentrations<ref name="Gullestad-1992"/><ref name="Holm-1987"/><ref name="Gullestad-1994"/>. == References ==

<ref name="a1Walker-2003"> Linus Pauling Institute AF. Walker, G. Marakis, S. Christie, M. Byng, Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study., Magnes Res, volume 16, issue 3, pages 183- Magnesium 91, Sep 2003, PMID [http:://lpiwww.oregonstatencbi.edu/infocenter/minerals/magnesium/ http://lpinlm.oregonstatenih.edugov/infocenter/minerals/magnesiumpubmed/14596323 14596323]</ref><ref name="a6Sojka-1995">JE. Sojka, CM. 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