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Low Carbohydrate Diets

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There is no established definition of what constitutes a low carbohydrate diet beyond the idea that they all have some type of restriction on carbohydrate intake. Therefore I will classify low carbohydrate diets as "Carbohydrate Optimization Diets", "Non-Ketogenic Low Carbohydrate Diets", "Ketogenic Diets", and "Extreme Calorie Restriction Diets", as well as the baseline "Standard American Diet". The specific diets can then be mapped into these categories. {{Skeleton}}
=Low Carbohydrate Classifications=
* '''Standard American Diet (SAD)'''. This is the baseline from which the diets can generally be compared. The SAD is generally high in carbohydrates, and includes carbohydrate sources such as refined sugars and refined grains.
* '''Carbohydrate Optimization Diets'''. This is a broad category of diets that don't restrict the overall quantity of carbohydrate, but do restrict particular types of carbohydrate. Examples would be Paleolithic diets, and nutrient timing.
* '''[[Non-Ketogenic Low Carbohydrate Diets ]] (NKLCD)'''. A NKLC diet restricts overall carbohydrate level, typically to around 50-150g of net carbohydrate, but does not elevate ketone levels sufficiently to be considered a [[Ketogenic Diet]]. A diet that restricts net carbohydrate intake to below 50g may still be Non Ketogenic if protein intake is not also sufficiently restricted.* '''Ketogenic Low Carbohydrate Diets (KLCD)'''. A ketogenic diet [[Ketogenic Diet]] restricts both carbohydrate and protein intake so that the body metabolizes fat to produce ketones. There is no established definition of what level of ketones are required for a diet to be considered ketogenic. (Fasting ketone levels are typically ~0.3 on the SAD [Effects of a high<ref name="Johnstone-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum]2008"/>.) Also, because it takes time to adjust to a ketogenic diet, I do not consider a diet to be a 'ketogenic diet' even if it elevates ketone levels for less than two weeks. A ketogenic diet should only be started under medical supervision. A Ketogenic diet is sometimes referred to as a Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet or LCKD.
* '''Extreme Calorie Restriction Diets'''. These diets are intended to treat severe obesity by dramatically reducing calorie intake.
==Low Carbohydrate Diets==
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| [[Modified Atkins ]] Diet
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| [[Ketogenic Ratio Diet]]
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* '''Targeted Ketogenic Diet (TKD)'''. This is a variant of the ketogenic diet that includes carbohydrates before, during, or immediately after exercise. It is described in Lyle McDonald's book "The Ketogenic Diet"<ref name="McDonald1998-P124"/>, but I am not aware of any scientific studies that evaluate it. The goal of the TKD is to take carbohydrates to support effective training, but without interrupting ketosis. There is one study that has shown that 50g of glucose immediately before or after a 13 mile/20 Km run in 90 minutes did not change subsequent ketosis<ref name="Koeslag-1985"/>.
* '''Cyclic Ketogenic Diet (CKD)'''. Like the Targeted Ketogenic Diet, this diet also comes from Lyle McDonald's book. As the name suggests, this TKD cycles between periods of a ketogenic diet with periods of high carbohydrate intake<ref name="McDonald1998-P128"/>. McDonald suggests 5-6 days of the ketogenic diet and 1-2 days of a high carbohydrate diet, although he indicates that other periods could be used. As McDonald acknowledges, there is no evidence to indicate how this cycling between ketogenic and non-ketogenic will affect [[Ketoadaptation]]. More importantly, it is unclear how the CKD might change the [[Health Risks of the Ketogenic Diet]].
* '''[[MCT Diet]].''' This is a variant of the traditional diet that uses Medium Chain Triglycerides ([[MCT]]s) that produces which produce more ketones than other oils. The MCD Diet is typically only used for the treatment of epilepsy.
* '''[[Modified Atkins Diet]] (MAD).''' The MAD started by accident, when a child was put onto the Atkins diet prior to starting the traditional [[Ketogenic Ratio Diet]], and their seizures stopped<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2926"/>. The MAD is similar to the induction phase of the Atkins diet, though children are allowed only 10 grams/day of carbohydrate rather than the 20 grams/day allowed for adults.
* '''Low Glycemic Index Treatment (LGIT).''' The LGIT restricts the carbohydrate intake to only those foods with a [[Glycemic Index]] of less than 50<ref name="Kossoff-2011-3230"/>. However, the LGIT is more than just restricting the glycemic index, and requires a fat intake of 60% with a [[Ketogenic Ratio]] of 1:1. The LGIT is similar to the MAD and restricts carbohydrates to , but allows 40-60 grams/dayof carbohydrates. * '''[[Ketogenic Ratio Diet]]'''. The [[Ketogenic Ratio]] is commonly used to construct a diet to treat drug resistant epilepsy. The ketogenic diet measures the ratio of grams of fat to the grams of protein plus net carbohydrates[[Net Carbohydrates]]. For example a 4:1 diet has 4 grams of fat to each gram of carbohydrate or protein. However, this ratio is slightly misleading, as there are other constraints on the diet. By tightly controlling the overall calorie calories and protein intake and <span style='color:#FF0000'>XXXXX</span>in addition to the ratio, carbohydrate intake is indirectly tightly controlled.
* '''Protein Sparing Modified Fast (PSMF). '''The use of complete fasting to reduce body fat in the severely obese can be effective, but also tends to result in unwanted loss of muscle. By supplementing the fast with a small amount of protein, the diet can still result in rapid weight loss while sparing muscle. A PSMF should only be used under medical supervision as it can be dangerous and people have died from badly formulated PSMF.
* '''Fasting.''' Complete fasts are sometimes used to reduce body fat in the severely obese. Many of the studies of ketosis come from studies of fasting subjects.
<ref name="Koeslag-1985"> JH. Koeslag, LI. Levinrad, JD. Lochner, AA. Sive, Post-exercise ketosis in post-prandial exercise: effect of glucose and alanine ingestion in humans., J Physiol, volume 358, pages 395-403, Jan 1985, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3884775 3884775]</ref>
<ref name="McDonald1998-P128">Lyle McDonald, The Ketogenic Diet: A Complete Guide for the Dieter and Practitioner, date 1 January 1998, publisher Lyle McDonald, isbn 978-0-9671456-0-0, pages 128</ref>
<ref name="Johnstone-2008">AM. Johnstone, GW. Horgan, SD. Murison, DM. Bremner, GE. Lobley, Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum., Am J Clin Nutr, volume 87, issue 1, pages 44-55, Jan 2008, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18175736 18175736]</ref>
<ref name="Kossoff-2011-3230">Eric. Kossoff, [http://www.amazon.com/Ketogenic-Diets-Eric-H-Kossoff/dp/1936303108 Ketogenic diets : treatments for epilepsy and other disorders], date 2011, publisher Demos Health, location New York, isbn 1-936303-10-8, Kindle Offset 3230</ref>
<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2926">Eric. Kossoff, [http://www.amazon.com/Ketogenic-Diets-Eric-H-Kossoff/dp/1936303108 Ketogenic diets : treatments for epilepsy and other disorders], date 2011, publisher Demos Health, location New York, isbn 1-936303-10-8, Kindle Offset 2926</ref>
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