Difference between revisions of "Ketones"
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There are three important ketones involved in [[Ketog...") |
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There are three important ketones involved in [[Ketogenic Diet]]s. | There are three important ketones involved in [[Ketogenic Diet]]s. | ||
| − | * '''Acetoacetic acid (AcAc)'''. AcAc is the ketone that is produced by the liver from fats and can be metabolized to provide energy. It could be considered the most directly useful of these ketones to the human body. However, AcAc lowers the blood pH, causing potential acidosis. AcAC spontaneously decomposes into Acetone (half-life 11.7 hours at 27c) | + | * '''Acetoacetic acid (AcAc)'''. AcAc is the ketone that is produced by the liver from fats and can be metabolized to provide energy. It could be considered the most directly useful of these ketones to the human body. However, AcAc lowers the blood pH, causing potential acidosis. AcAC spontaneously decomposes into Acetone (half-life 11.7 hours at 27c<ref name="HayBond1967"/>). |
* '''Acetone'''. Generally is often believed to be a waste product, but it has now shown to be metabolically active. It is excreted through the breath and urine, which can sometimes be detected as a fruity smell. | * '''Acetone'''. Generally is often believed to be a waste product, but it has now shown to be metabolically active. It is excreted through the breath and urine, which can sometimes be detected as a fruity smell. | ||
| − | * '''Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB)'''. Unlike AcAc, BOHB is stable and AcAc is converted to and from BOHB in the liver and muscles. Technically BOHB is not a Ketone. | + | * '''Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB)'''. Unlike AcAc, BOHB is stable and does not change blood pH. AcAc is converted to and from BOHB in the liver and muscles. Technically BOHB is not a Ketone. |
=Relative Ketone Levels= | =Relative Ketone Levels= | ||
* The ratio between AcAc and Acetone appears reasonably constant, and is based on the spontaneous, one way decomposition of AcAc into Acetone. | * The ratio between AcAc and Acetone appears reasonably constant, and is based on the spontaneous, one way decomposition of AcAc into Acetone. | ||
* The ratio of AcAc to BOHB is rather more varied and may change with [[Ketoadaptation]]. | * The ratio of AcAc to BOHB is rather more varied and may change with [[Ketoadaptation]]. | ||
| + | From "Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates and signals in mammalian tissues"<ref name="Robinson-1980"/>: | ||
| + | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| + | ! Situation | ||
| + | ! Ketone Levels (Blood levels of AcAc + BOHB) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Fed | ||
| + | | ~0.1 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Fasted 12-24 Hours | ||
| + | | Up to 0.3 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Fasted 48-72 Hours | ||
| + | | 2-3 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Fasted 5-6 weeks (plateau) | ||
| + | | ~8 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Post exercise | ||
| + | | Up to 2 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Late Pregnancy | ||
| + | | Up to 1 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Late Pregnancy, fasted 48 hours | ||
| + | | 4-6 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Neonatal | ||
| + | | 0.5-1.0 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Hypoglycemia | ||
| + | | 1-5 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Controlled diabetes | ||
| + | | Up to 25 | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
=Ketone Metabolism= | =Ketone Metabolism= | ||
| Line 22: | Line 58: | ||
=References= | =References= | ||
<references> | <references> | ||
| − | + | <ref name="HayBond1967">RW Hay, MA Bond, Kinetics of the Decarboxylation of Acetoacetic acid, Australian Journal of Chemistry, volume 20, issue 9, 1967, pages 1823, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9425 0004-9425], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/CH9671823 10.1071/CH9671823]</ref> | |
| − | [http:// | + | <ref name="Robinson-1980"> AM. Robinson, DH. Williamson, Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates and signals in mammalian tissues., Physiol Rev, volume 60, issue 1, pages 143-87, Jan 1980, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6986618 6986618]</ref> |
| − | |||
</references> | </references> | ||
Revision as of 16:37, 14 November 2013
The Ketogenic Diet produces three types of Ketone. (Add diagram of the ketones and their relationships.)
| This article is under construction.
|
There are three important ketones involved in Ketogenic Diets.
- Acetoacetic acid (AcAc). AcAc is the ketone that is produced by the liver from fats and can be metabolized to provide energy. It could be considered the most directly useful of these ketones to the human body. However, AcAc lowers the blood pH, causing potential acidosis. AcAC spontaneously decomposes into Acetone (half-life 11.7 hours at 27c[1]).
- Acetone. Generally is often believed to be a waste product, but it has now shown to be metabolically active. It is excreted through the breath and urine, which can sometimes be detected as a fruity smell.
- Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB). Unlike AcAc, BOHB is stable and does not change blood pH. AcAc is converted to and from BOHB in the liver and muscles. Technically BOHB is not a Ketone.
1 Relative Ketone Levels
- The ratio between AcAc and Acetone appears reasonably constant, and is based on the spontaneous, one way decomposition of AcAc into Acetone.
- The ratio of AcAc to BOHB is rather more varied and may change with Ketoadaptation.
From "Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates and signals in mammalian tissues"[2]:
| Situation | Ketone Levels (Blood levels of AcAc + BOHB) |
|---|---|
| Fed | ~0.1 |
| Fasted 12-24 Hours | Up to 0.3 |
| Fasted 48-72 Hours | 2-3 |
| Fasted 5-6 weeks (plateau) | ~8 |
| Post exercise | Up to 2 |
| Late Pregnancy | Up to 1 |
| Late Pregnancy, fasted 48 hours | 4-6 |
| Neonatal | 0.5-1.0 |
| Hypoglycemia | 1-5 |
| Controlled diabetes | Up to 25 |
2 Ketone Metabolism
- Ketones are used by most tissues in the body with the exception of those cells that have few or no mitochondria. (more at A review of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets)
- Cells with no mitochondria include erythrocytes, cornea, lens, and retina
- Cells with few mitochondria include renal medulla, testis, and leukocytes
- These cells are dependent on Glucose.
3 Ketone Regulation
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2656157
4 See Also
- The classifications and types of Low Carbohydrate Diet.
- An introduction to the Ketogenic Diet.
- My experiences with ultrarunning on the Ketogenic Diet
- My Ketogenic Recipes
- Non-Ketogenic Low Carbohydrate Diets
5 References
- ↑ RW Hay, MA Bond, Kinetics of the Decarboxylation of Acetoacetic acid, Australian Journal of Chemistry, volume 20, issue 9, 1967, pages 1823, ISSN 0004-9425, doi 10.1071/CH9671823
- ↑ AM. Robinson, DH. Williamson, Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates and signals in mammalian tissues., Physiol Rev, volume 60, issue 1, pages 143-87, Jan 1980, PMID 6986618
