Difference between revisions of "Ketogenic Diet as a Treatment"

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=Hypoxia, including Stroke=
 
=Hypoxia, including Stroke=
 
There are a number of medical conditions that reduce the supply of oxygen (hypoxia), and the Ketogenic Diet may reduce the damage that occurs as a result. ''' '''
 
There are a number of medical conditions that reduce the supply of oxygen (hypoxia), and the Ketogenic Diet may reduce the damage that occurs as a result. ''' '''
* '''Head trauma'''. Head trauma often results in a rapid increase in cerebral glucose metabolism, followed but a prolonged decrease. Administering glucose to patients tends to result in hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) that worsens the outcome. In animal studies, fasting or a ketogenic diet improves tissue preservation, but further research is needed.
+
* '''Head trauma'''. Head trauma often results in a rapid increase in cerebral glucose metabolism, followed by a prolonged decrease. Administering glucose to patients tends to result in hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) that worsens the outcome. In animal studies, fasting or a ketogenic diet improves tissue preservation, but further research is needed<ref name="Prins2007"/>.
* '''Stroke'''. Because a stroke involves the reduction of blood flow to areas of the brain, the Ketogenic diet may help reduce the resulting damage. ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23050642 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23050642])
+
* '''Stroke'''. Because a stroke involves the reduction of blood flow to areas of the brain, the Ketogenic diet may help reduce the resulting damage<ref name="GibsonMurphy2012"/>. Animal studies have looked at the ketogenic diet, ketone administration, and calorie restriction, which all raise ketone levels, and all have shown to be beneficial in animal stroke models<ref name="GibsonMurphy2012"/>.
* '''Altitude Sickness'''. It is possible that the ketogenic diet may help with altitude sickness (Acute Mountain Sickness), but more research is needed. (Personally, I've found I can tolerate lower oxygen levels during [[Altitude Training]] while on the ketogenic diet.)
+
[[File:Stroke outcome in the ketogenic state.png|none|thumb|500px|The analysis of 19 animal (rodent) studies on the changes in outcome following cerebral ischemia with the ketogenic state. Pathological outcomes included lesion volume, brain water content, and neuronal counts, whereas functional outcomes included all measures of behavior.
 +
* '''Altitude Sickness'''. It is possible that the ketogenic diet may help with altitude sickness (Acute Mountain Sickness), but I've found not studies to support this.  
 
=Heart disease=
 
=Heart disease=
The effect of the ketogenic diet on heart disease risk is unclear. There are some concerns that the ketogenic diet raises blood lipids, and this in turn may increase the risk for heart disease. However, some studies have shown that the ketogenic diet improves markers associated with the risk of heart disease ([http://jn.nutrition.org/content/132/7/1879.short http://jn.nutrition.org/content/132/7/1879.short]).  
+
There are some concerns that the ketogenic diet raises blood lipids, and this in turn may increase the risk for heart disease. One study of children using the Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy showed a deterioration of blood lipid profiles, and only one in six were in the commonly accepted levels for a pediatric population<ref name="Kwiterovich- Jr2003"/>. Another study of adults on the Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy also showed a worsening of blood lipids<ref name="SirvenWhedon1999"/>. It's also been reported that around 30% of children on the ketogenic diet have elevated cholesterol, but it's also noted that this is normally transient, and the levels return to baseline after 6-12 months<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2512"/>. However, other studies have shown that the ketogenic diet has no adverse effects on the lipid profiles<ref name="Brehm2003"/><ref name="Sondike-2003"/><ref name="HaysDiSabatino2003"/> or actually improves the markers<ref name="Westman-2006"/><ref name="Dashti-2006"/><ref name="Yancy2004"/><ref name="Dashti-2007"/><ref name="Sharman-2002"/>. (A study of children on the [[MCT Diet]] did not indicate any adverse blood lipid changes<ref name="Huttenlocher1976"/>.) It seems possible that the structure of the Ketogenic Diet when it's used for epilepsy is in some way different, causing this split in results.  
 
=Alzheimer's disease (AD)=
 
=Alzheimer's disease (AD)=
 
AD is a degenerative neurological condition characterized by memory loss and there is currently no treatment. Models of Alzheimer's disease (and Parkinson's) suggest that 4 mmol/L of BOHB can protect neurons and may play a therapeutic role<ref name="Kashiwaya-2000"/>.There is some evidence that a ketogenic diet may not only improve the symptoms of AD<ref name="KrikorianShidler2012"/>, but may also modify the disease activity itself. These benefits may also apply to other neurological conditions involving neuron death. There is evidence that raising Ketone levels through MCT supplementation without carbohydrate restriction may also improve memory function in AD sufferers<ref name="RegerHenderson2004"/>. In a study of 152 subjects with mild to moderate AD, half were given an [[MCT]] based treatment over a period of 90 days and had significantly improved cognitive scores compared with the placebo control group<ref name="HendersonVogel2009"/>. A drug called Axona was introduced in 2009 as an FDA approved "medical food" and it consists of an MCT oil (caprylic acid). There is also some evidence that a higher carbohydrate intake is associated with poorer memory, and increased aberrant motor behavior in subjects with probable AD<ref name="Young-2005"/>.
 
AD is a degenerative neurological condition characterized by memory loss and there is currently no treatment. Models of Alzheimer's disease (and Parkinson's) suggest that 4 mmol/L of BOHB can protect neurons and may play a therapeutic role<ref name="Kashiwaya-2000"/>.There is some evidence that a ketogenic diet may not only improve the symptoms of AD<ref name="KrikorianShidler2012"/>, but may also modify the disease activity itself. These benefits may also apply to other neurological conditions involving neuron death. There is evidence that raising Ketone levels through MCT supplementation without carbohydrate restriction may also improve memory function in AD sufferers<ref name="RegerHenderson2004"/>. In a study of 152 subjects with mild to moderate AD, half were given an [[MCT]] based treatment over a period of 90 days and had significantly improved cognitive scores compared with the placebo control group<ref name="HendersonVogel2009"/>. A drug called Axona was introduced in 2009 as an FDA approved "medical food" and it consists of an MCT oil (caprylic acid). There is also some evidence that a higher carbohydrate intake is associated with poorer memory, and increased aberrant motor behavior in subjects with probable AD<ref name="Young-2005"/>.
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Parkinson's disease appears to generally result from an acquired defect in the mitochondria rather than genetic causes<ref name="Veech-2000"/>. Animal studies and anecdotal reports suggest that the ketogenic diet may reverse the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but there are no published human studies. It is possible to treat Parkinson's disease for a time with dopamine , but free radical damage lessens the effectiveness of this therapy over time<ref name="Vanitallie-2005"/>. Models of Parkinson's disease (and Alzheimer's) suggest that 4 mmol/L of BOHB can protect neurons and may play a therapeutic role<ref name="Kashiwaya-2000"/>. A 28 day study of five Parkinson's patients on the Ketogenic Diet with blood BOHB levels averaging 6.6 mmol/L (range 4.8 to 8.9) had an average decrease in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores of 43.4% (range 21% to 81%), but the study had too few subjects and no controls, so conclusions could be drawn about effectiveness<ref name="Vanitallie-2005"/>.
 
Parkinson's disease appears to generally result from an acquired defect in the mitochondria rather than genetic causes<ref name="Veech-2000"/>. Animal studies and anecdotal reports suggest that the ketogenic diet may reverse the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but there are no published human studies. It is possible to treat Parkinson's disease for a time with dopamine , but free radical damage lessens the effectiveness of this therapy over time<ref name="Vanitallie-2005"/>. Models of Parkinson's disease (and Alzheimer's) suggest that 4 mmol/L of BOHB can protect neurons and may play a therapeutic role<ref name="Kashiwaya-2000"/>. A 28 day study of five Parkinson's patients on the Ketogenic Diet with blood BOHB levels averaging 6.6 mmol/L (range 4.8 to 8.9) had an average decrease in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores of 43.4% (range 21% to 81%), but the study had too few subjects and no controls, so conclusions could be drawn about effectiveness<ref name="Vanitallie-2005"/>.
 
=Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)=
 
=Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)=
Like Parkinson's disease, there is currently only animal and anecdotal reports of success, but human studies are under way.  
+
Like Parkinson's disease, the evidence to support the use of the Ketogenic Diet for ALS is extremely limited<ref name="Paganoni-2013"/>, but human studies are under way. One study showed that the Ketogenic Diet alters the progression of ALS in a mouse model, but it did not extend the survival time<ref name="Zhao-2006"/>. However, other studies of high fat (non-ketogenic) diets in animal models did show an improved survival time<ref name="Mattson-2007"/><ref name="DupuisOudart2004"/>.
 
=Type 1 diabetes=
 
=Type 1 diabetes=
 
At one time, type 1 diabetes (previously called childhood diabetes) was expected to be fatal within a year. The first approach was a starvation diet of 450 calories per day, which lead Fredrick M Allen to use a 70% fat, 8% carbohydrate diet that was the standard treatment before the discovery of insulin.  
 
At one time, type 1 diabetes (previously called childhood diabetes) was expected to be fatal within a year. The first approach was a starvation diet of 450 calories per day, which lead Fredrick M Allen to use a 70% fat, 8% carbohydrate diet that was the standard treatment before the discovery of insulin.  
Line 30: Line 31:
 
There are initial reports that the ketogenic diet improves hyperactivity in animal reports, and some anecdotal reports of the benefit in humans. As with Autism, there are also reports of epileptic children treated with the ketogenic diet also having improvements in their hyperactivity.  
 
There are initial reports that the ketogenic diet improves hyperactivity in animal reports, and some anecdotal reports of the benefit in humans. As with Autism, there are also reports of epileptic children treated with the ketogenic diet also having improvements in their hyperactivity.  
 
=Schizophrenia=
 
=Schizophrenia=
There is a case report of a radical improvement in schizophrenia with the ketogenic diet. However, this may be due to a removal of the gluten from the diet rather than the overall dietary changes.  
+
There is a case report of a radical improvement in schizophrenia with the ketogenic diet<ref name="KraftWestman2009"/>. However, this may be due to a removal of the gluten from the diet rather than the overall dietary changes<ref name="Hadjivassiliou-1996"/>.  
 
=Depression and bipolar disorder=
 
=Depression and bipolar disorder=
 
There are a number of cases that have been reported where the ketogenic diet helps normalize the [[Mood State]] of those with bipolar disorder<ref name="El-MallakhPaskitti2001"/>. One report indicated that over 2-3 years the mood stabilization exceeded that achieved with medication<ref name="Phelps-2013"/>.
 
There are a number of cases that have been reported where the ketogenic diet helps normalize the [[Mood State]] of those with bipolar disorder<ref name="El-MallakhPaskitti2001"/>. One report indicated that over 2-3 years the mood stabilization exceeded that achieved with medication<ref name="Phelps-2013"/>.
Line 48: Line 49:
 
<ref name="Seyfried-2011">TN. Seyfried, MA. Kiebish, J. Marsh, LM. Shelton, LC. Huysentruyt, P. Mukherjee, Metabolic management of brain cancer., Biochim Biophys Acta, volume 1807, issue 6, pages 577-94, Jun 2011, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.08.009 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.08.009], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20804725 20804725]</ref>
 
<ref name="Seyfried-2011">TN. Seyfried, MA. Kiebish, J. Marsh, LM. Shelton, LC. Huysentruyt, P. Mukherjee, Metabolic management of brain cancer., Biochim Biophys Acta, volume 1807, issue 6, pages 577-94, Jun 2011, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.08.009 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.08.009], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20804725 20804725]</ref>
 
<ref name="HendersonVogel2009">Samuel T Henderson, Janet L Vogel, Linda J Barr, Fiona Garvin, Julie J Jones, Lauren C Costantini, Study of the ketogenic agent AC-1202 in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, Nutrition & Metabolism, volume 6, issue 1, 2009, pages 31, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1743-7075 1743-7075], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-6-31 10.1186/1743-7075-6-31]</ref>
 
<ref name="HendersonVogel2009">Samuel T Henderson, Janet L Vogel, Linda J Barr, Fiona Garvin, Julie J Jones, Lauren C Costantini, Study of the ketogenic agent AC-1202 in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, Nutrition & Metabolism, volume 6, issue 1, 2009, pages 31, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1743-7075 1743-7075], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-6-31 10.1186/1743-7075-6-31]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Zhao-2006"> Z. Zhao, DJ. Lange, A. Voustianiouk, D. MacGrogan, L. Ho, J. Suh, N. Humala, M. Thiyagarajan, J. Wang, A ketogenic diet as a potential novel therapeutic intervention in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis., BMC Neurosci, volume 7, pages 29,  2006, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-7-29 10.1186/1471-2202-7-29], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16584562 16584562]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Paganoni-2013"> S. Paganoni, AM. Wills, High-fat and ketogenic diets in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis., J Child Neurol, volume 28, issue 8, pages 989-92, Aug 2013, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073813488669 10.1177/0883073813488669], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23666040 23666040]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Mattson-2007"> MP. Mattson, RG. Cutler, S. Camandola, Energy intake and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis., Neuromolecular Med, volume 9, issue 1, pages 17-20,  2007, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17114821 17114821]</ref>
 +
<ref name="DupuisOudart2004">L. Dupuis, H. Oudart, F. Rene, J.-L. G. de Aguilar, J.-P. Loeffler, Evidence for defective energy homeostasis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Benefit of a high-energy diet in a transgenic mouse model, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, volume 101, issue 30, 2004, pages 11159–11164, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402026101 10.1073/pnas.0402026101]</ref>
 +
<ref name="KraftWestman2009">Bryan D Kraft, Eric C Westman, Schizophrenia, gluten, and low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets: a case report and review of the literature, Nutrition & Metabolism, volume 6, issue 1, 2009, pages 10, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1743-7075 1743-7075], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-6-10 10.1186/1743-7075-6-10]</ref>
 +
<ref name="GibsonMurphy2012">Claire L. Gibson, Anne N. Murphy, Sean P. Murphy, Stroke outcome in the ketogenic state - a systematic review of the animal data, Journal of Neurochemistry, volume 123, 2012, pages 52–57, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/00223042 00223042], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07943.x 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07943.x]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Prins2007">Mayumi L Prins, Cerebral metabolic adaptation and ketone metabolism after brain injury, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &#38; Metabolism, volume 28, issue 1, 2007, pages 1–16, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0271-678X 0271-678X], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600543 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600543]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Sharman-2002">MJ. Sharman, WJ. Kraemer, DM. Love, NG. Avery, AL. Gómez, TP. Scheett, JS. Volek, A ketogenic diet favorably affects serum biomarkers for cardiovascular disease in normal-weight men., J Nutr, volume 132, issue 7, pages 1879-85, Jul 2002, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12097663 12097663]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Dashti-2006"> HM. Dashti, NS. Al-Zaid, TC. Mathew, M. Al-Mousawi, H. Talib, SK. Asfar, AI. Behbahani, Long term effects of ketogenic diet in obese subjects with high cholesterol level., Mol Cell Biochem, volume 286, issue 1-2, pages 1-9, Jun 2006, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-005-9001-x 10.1007/s11010-005-9001-x], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16652223 16652223]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Westman-2006">EC. Westman, WS. Yancy, MK. Olsen, T. Dudley, JR. Guyton, Effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet program compared to a low-fat diet on fasting lipoprotein subclasses., Int J Cardiol, volume 110, issue 2, pages 212-6, Jun 2006, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.08.034 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.08.034], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16297472 16297472]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Sondike-2003"> SB. Sondike, N. Copperman, MS. Jacobson, Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents., J Pediatr, volume 142, issue 3, pages 253-8, Mar 2003, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2003.4 10.1067/mpd.2003.4], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12640371 12640371]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Brehm2003">B. J. Brehm, A Randomized Trial Comparing a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet and a Calorie-Restricted Low Fat Diet on Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Women, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology  & Metabolism, volume 88, issue 4, 2003, pages 1617–1623, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021972X 0021972X], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021480 10.1210/jc.2002-021480]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Yancy2004">William S. Yancy, A Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet versus a Low-Fat Diet To Treat Obesity and Hyperlipidemia, Annals of Internal Medicine, volume 140, issue 10, 2004, pages 769, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4819 0003-4819], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00006 10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00006]</ref>
 +
<ref name="HaysDiSabatino2003">James H. Hays, Angela DiSabatino, Robert T. Gorman, Simi Vincent, Michael E. Stillabower, Effect of a High Saturated Fat and No-Starch Diet on Serum Lipid Subfractions in Patients With Documented Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, volume 78, issue 11, 2003, pages 1331–1336, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/00256196 00256196], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/78.11.1331 10.4065/78.11.1331]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Kwiterovich- Jr2003">Peter O. Kwiterovich, Jr, Effect of a High-Fat Ketogenic Diet on Plasma Levels of Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins in Children, JAMA, volume 290, issue 7, 2003, pages 912, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484 0098-7484], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.7.912 10.1001/jama.290.7.912]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Huttenlocher1976">Peter R Huttenlocher, Ketonemia and Seizures: Metabolic and Anticonvulsant Effects of Two Ketogenic Diets in Childhood Epilepsy, Pediatric Research, volume 10, issue 5, 1976, pages 536–540, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-3998 0031-3998], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-197605000-00006 10.1203/00006450-197605000-00006]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Dashti-2007"> HM. Dashti, TC. Mathew, M. Khadada, M. Al-Mousawi, H. Talib, SK. Asfar, AI. Behbahani, NS. Al-Zaid, Beneficial effects of ketogenic diet in obese diabetic subjects., Mol Cell Biochem, volume 302, issue 1-2, pages 249-56, Aug 2007, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-007-9448-z 10.1007/s11010-007-9448-z], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17447017 17447017]</ref>
 +
<ref name="SirvenWhedon1999">Joseph Sirven, Barbara Whedon, Deborah Caplan, Joyce Liporace, David Glosser, Joyce O'Dwyer, Michael R. Sperling, The Ketogenic Diet for Intractable Epilepsy in Adults: Preliminary Results, Epilepsia, volume 40, issue 12, 1999, pages 1721–1726, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-9580 0013-9580], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb01589.x 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb01589.x]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Hadjivassiliou-1996"> M. Hadjivassiliou, A. Gibson, GA. Davies-Jones, AJ. Lobo, TJ. Stephenson, A. Milford-Ward, Does cryptic gluten sensitivity play a part in neurological illness?, Lancet, volume 347, issue 8998, pages 369-71, Feb 1996, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8598704 8598704]</ref>
 +
<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2512">Eric. Kossoff, [http://www.amazon.com/Ketogenic-Diets-Eric-H-Kossoff/dp/1936303108 Ketogenic diets : treatments for epilepsy and other disorders], date 2011, publisher Demos Health, location New York, isbn 1-936303-10-8, Kindle Offset 2512</ref>
 
</references>
 
</references>

Revision as of 17:24, 17 January 2014

The Ketogenic Diet may have benefits for a number of medical conditions, many of them serious or life threatening. The research for the use of the Ketogenic Diet in epilepsy is well established, but for other illnesses it is still emerging. However, the Ketogenic Diet is believed to have a number of benefits, especially in cancer[1] and neurological diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's[2].

1 Epilepsy

Main article: Ketogenic Diets for Epilepsy

The use of the Ketogenic Diets for Epilepsy is well established. Generally, around of 50% of patients have a 50% reduction in seizures, 25% have 90% reduction in seizures, and around 10% become seizure free.

2 Cancer

Main article: Ketogenic Diets for Cancer

The Ketogenic Diet may help with the treatment of cancer, including brain tumors[1]. Currently most of the available research is based on animal studies, with just a few human case studies. However, the research to date looks promising.

3 Hypoxia, including Stroke

There are a number of medical conditions that reduce the supply of oxygen (hypoxia), and the Ketogenic Diet may reduce the damage that occurs as a result.

  • Head trauma. Head trauma often results in a rapid increase in cerebral glucose metabolism, followed by a prolonged decrease. Administering glucose to patients tends to result in hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) that worsens the outcome. In animal studies, fasting or a ketogenic diet improves tissue preservation, but further research is needed[3].
  • Stroke. Because a stroke involves the reduction of blood flow to areas of the brain, the Ketogenic diet may help reduce the resulting damage[4]. Animal studies have looked at the ketogenic diet, ketone administration, and calorie restriction, which all raise ketone levels, and all have shown to be beneficial in animal stroke models[4].

[[File:Stroke outcome in the ketogenic state.png|none|thumb|500px|The analysis of 19 animal (rodent) studies on the changes in outcome following cerebral ischemia with the ketogenic state. Pathological outcomes included lesion volume, brain water content, and neuronal counts, whereas functional outcomes included all measures of behavior.

  • Altitude Sickness. It is possible that the ketogenic diet may help with altitude sickness (Acute Mountain Sickness), but I've found not studies to support this.

4 Heart disease

There are some concerns that the ketogenic diet raises blood lipids, and this in turn may increase the risk for heart disease. One study of children using the Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy showed a deterioration of blood lipid profiles, and only one in six were in the commonly accepted levels for a pediatric population[5]. Another study of adults on the Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy also showed a worsening of blood lipids[6]. It's also been reported that around 30% of children on the ketogenic diet have elevated cholesterol, but it's also noted that this is normally transient, and the levels return to baseline after 6-12 months[7]. However, other studies have shown that the ketogenic diet has no adverse effects on the lipid profiles[8][9][10] or actually improves the markers[11][12][13][14][15]. (A study of children on the MCT Diet did not indicate any adverse blood lipid changes[16].) It seems possible that the structure of the Ketogenic Diet when it's used for epilepsy is in some way different, causing this split in results.

5 Alzheimer's disease (AD)

AD is a degenerative neurological condition characterized by memory loss and there is currently no treatment. Models of Alzheimer's disease (and Parkinson's) suggest that 4 mmol/L of BOHB can protect neurons and may play a therapeutic role[17].There is some evidence that a ketogenic diet may not only improve the symptoms of AD[18], but may also modify the disease activity itself. These benefits may also apply to other neurological conditions involving neuron death. There is evidence that raising Ketone levels through MCT supplementation without carbohydrate restriction may also improve memory function in AD sufferers[19]. In a study of 152 subjects with mild to moderate AD, half were given an MCT based treatment over a period of 90 days and had significantly improved cognitive scores compared with the placebo control group[20]. A drug called Axona was introduced in 2009 as an FDA approved "medical food" and it consists of an MCT oil (caprylic acid). There is also some evidence that a higher carbohydrate intake is associated with poorer memory, and increased aberrant motor behavior in subjects with probable AD[21].

6 Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease appears to generally result from an acquired defect in the mitochondria rather than genetic causes[22]. Animal studies and anecdotal reports suggest that the ketogenic diet may reverse the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but there are no published human studies. It is possible to treat Parkinson's disease for a time with dopamine , but free radical damage lessens the effectiveness of this therapy over time[23]. Models of Parkinson's disease (and Alzheimer's) suggest that 4 mmol/L of BOHB can protect neurons and may play a therapeutic role[17]. A 28 day study of five Parkinson's patients on the Ketogenic Diet with blood BOHB levels averaging 6.6 mmol/L (range 4.8 to 8.9) had an average decrease in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores of 43.4% (range 21% to 81%), but the study had too few subjects and no controls, so conclusions could be drawn about effectiveness[23].

7 Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Like Parkinson's disease, the evidence to support the use of the Ketogenic Diet for ALS is extremely limited[24], but human studies are under way. One study showed that the Ketogenic Diet alters the progression of ALS in a mouse model, but it did not extend the survival time[25]. However, other studies of high fat (non-ketogenic) diets in animal models did show an improved survival time[26][27].

8 Type 1 diabetes

At one time, type 1 diabetes (previously called childhood diabetes) was expected to be fatal within a year. The first approach was a starvation diet of 450 calories per day, which lead Fredrick M Allen to use a 70% fat, 8% carbohydrate diet that was the standard treatment before the discovery of insulin.

9 Autism

There are early reports from a Greek study in Crete indicating that the ketogenic diet may produce some improvement in some children. There are also anecdotal reports of epileptic children treated with the ketogenic diet also having improvements in their autism.

10 Migraine

While a 1930's textbook talks of the possibility of the ketogenic diet helping with migraines, a study of 8 teenagers with severe migraines at John Hopkins showed the ketogenic diet was ineffective.

11 Severe hyperactivity

There are initial reports that the ketogenic diet improves hyperactivity in animal reports, and some anecdotal reports of the benefit in humans. As with Autism, there are also reports of epileptic children treated with the ketogenic diet also having improvements in their hyperactivity.

12 Schizophrenia

There is a case report of a radical improvement in schizophrenia with the ketogenic diet[28]. However, this may be due to a removal of the gluten from the diet rather than the overall dietary changes[29].

13 Depression and bipolar disorder

There are a number of cases that have been reported where the ketogenic diet helps normalize the Mood State of those with bipolar disorder[30]. One report indicated that over 2-3 years the mood stabilization exceeded that achieved with medication[31].

14 See Also

15 References

  1. 1.0 1.1 TN. Seyfried, MA. Kiebish, J. Marsh, LM. Shelton, LC. Huysentruyt, P. Mukherjee, Metabolic management of brain cancer., Biochim Biophys Acta, volume 1807, issue 6, pages 577-94, Jun 2011, doi 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.08.009, PMID 20804725
  2. M. Gasior, MA. Rogawski, AL. Hartman, Neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects of the ketogenic diet., Behav Pharmacol, volume 17, issue 5-6, pages 431-9, Sep 2006, PMID 16940764
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