Changes

[[File:Soft drink shelf.JPG|right|thumb|500px|One of the greatest sources of Fructose is one of the two common single molecule sugarssoft drinks.]]Fructose can be good or bad for an athlete depending on when it's consumed. Fructose can help athletic performance when taken as a fuel source during exercise, the but at other being glucosetimes excessive fructose can create health issues. Fructose is found in sugar (sucrose), High Fructose Corn Syrup, Honey and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave_nectar Agave]. The combination of a Excessive fructose intake has been described as "an environmental toxin with major health implications"<ref name="FructoseMajorHealth"/>. High Fructose Corn Syrup may be slightly worse for health than sugar, and may be a source of toxic mercury. =What is Fructose?=Fructose is a common simple sugar that along with glucose molecule is makes up ordinary table sugar (sucrose), or common and High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS). In table sugar, one molecule of fructose is combined with one molecule of glucose. In High Fructose Corn Syrup the fructose and glucose are not linked together, but mixed in various ratios, generally close to 50:50 (55% and 42% is a common <ref name="FructoseExerciseHealth"/>, with 55% being used in drinks and 42% being used in foods<ref name="FructoseHFCS2"/>). Fructose is sometimes called "fruit sugar substitute that contains both " because it is commonly found in fruit. Some fruit, such as apples and pears contain twice as much fructose and as glucose<ref name="FructoseNutrientDatabase"/>. While glucose =Health risks of Fructose=The effect of fructose is absorbed very different from glucose, with different pathways in the body being used<ref name="FructoseFructolysis"/>. Fructose tends to result in the digestive system production of fat, influences hormones that control appetite, energy balance, and can be used directly by the storage of bodyfat, as well as tending to create insulin resistance<ref name="FructoseHavel"/><ref name="Cox-2012"/>. It has been proposed that intakes of >50g per day of fructose must go may be a cause of type II diabetes<ref name="FructoseUricT2Diabetes"/>. Fructose is also believed to the be a risk factor for hypertension, elevated triglycerides, obesity, preeclampsia, chronic kidney disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, mortality<ref name="FructoseEpiRole"/><ref name="FructoseSSB"/>, arthritis<ref name="DeChristopherUribarri2016"/>, asthma<ref name="DeChristopher-2016"/>, and chronic bronchitis<ref name="DeChristopher-2015"/>, as well as causing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease liver disease] similar to that seen in alcoholics<ref name="FructoseLiverAssy"/><ref name="FructoseLiverOuyang"/><ref name="FructoseLiverCollison"/><ref name="FructoseSDNAFLD"/>. Also, there may be converted a link between fructose and dementia<ref name="FructoseDementia"/>. Both Fructose and Glucose tend to result in increased body fat, Fructose can produce a useable formgreater increase in visceral (internal) fat<ref name="FructoseVisceralFat"/><ref name="FructoseAbdominal"/>, which is a risk factor for heart disease<ref name="FructoseVisceralFatHeart"/> and diabetes<ref name="Montague-2000"/>. This conversion process slows Between 1977 and 2001 Americans increased the effective digestion percentage of their daily calories from soft drinks from 2.8% to 7.0% and from fruit juice from 1.1% to 2.2%<ref name="FructoseIntake"/>.==Fructose and Fruit==The health risks of high fructose consumption and not generally seen with high intakes of whole fruit<ref name="FructoseExerciseHealth"/>. While fruit does contain fructose, giving it 's not easy to consume significant quantities of fructose from whole fruit. For instance, an Apple contains about 10g of fructose, and a 16 ounce soft drink contains about 26g of fructose. The Apple is generally much slower to consume than a soft drink, and in addition, the Apple contains fiber couple slow absorption. However, the health benefits of whole fruit do not seem to apply to fruit juice<ref name="FructoseJuiceKids"/>. There does not appear to be any evidence that fruit juice has a lower [[Glycemic Index health risk than soft drinks.==Sugar and High Fructose Corn Syrup==Corn syrup does not naturally contain any fructose, but it can be processed so that some of the glucose is converted to fructose, hence the term High Fructose Corn Syrup. Typically high fructose corn syrup has a similar amount of fructose as ordinary table sugar (sucrose) which is 50:50 fructose and glucose. With table sugar, the fructose and glucose are linked together, but they are separate in High Fructose Corn Syrup, as well as honey<ref name="FructoseHoney"/>, and cooking sugar with and an acid (such as jam making) separates the fructose and Carbohydrates|Glycemic Index]]glucose<ref name="FructoseInvertedSugar"/>. The consensus of research indicates that High Fructose Corn Syrup has a similar effect to ordinary table sugar<ref name="FructoseHFCSMeta1"/><ref name="FructoseHFCS2"/><ref name="FructoseHFCS3"/><ref name="FructoseHFCS4"/><ref name="FructoseHFCS5"/><ref name="FructoseHFCS6"/><ref name="FructoseHFCS7"/><ref name="FructoseHFCS8"/><ref name="FructoseTappy"/><ref name="FructoseHFCSJacn"/>. There are a number few studies which indicate differences between the separate fructose/glucose which is found in High Fructose Corn Syrup or honey and table sugar. Rats fed 40% of calories from fructose/glucose had impaired fasting glucose and were less active than with equivalent amounts of sugar<ref name="FructoseGFDiffRat"/>, and higher triglycerides (60% of calories)<ref name="FructoseDiffTG"/>. Fructose metabolism is different for different species so animal studies, especially concerning triglycerides, may not be applicable to humans<ref name="FructoseHFCSSpecies"/>. I found two studies that showed a difference in humans. Carbohydrate sensitive men had a greater insulin response to a large dose of health concernsseparate fructose/glucose after a 9 hour fast compared with table sugar, though not a greater blood sugar level<ref name="FructoseHFCSCarbSens"/>. Another study<ref name="FructoseHFCSHumanTG"/> showed higher triglyceride levels from separate fructose/glucose than table sugar in 8 healthy men. A more significant concern is mercury contamination of HFCS which a study found in half of the samples analyzed<ref name="FructoseHFCSMercury"/>. Overall, I would conclude that high fructose corn syrup is slightly worse than sugar, which combined with the risk of mercury contamination indicates it may be worth avoiding. =Fructose and Obesity=Studies have shown that drinking soft drinks results in an increase in energy intake and body weight in both overweight<ref name="FructoseWeight1"/> and normal weight<ref name="FructoseWeight2"/> subjects. This weight gain has also been shown in animal studies<ref name="FructoseWeightAnimal1"/><ref name="FructoseWeightAnimal2"/>, and a study of diabetics<ref name="FructoseWeightDiabetics"/>. One mechanism may be that fructosedoes not stimulate the hormone leptin that reduces appetite<ref name="FructoseWeightLeptin"/> . One study showed that drinking artificially sweetened (aspartame) soda actually caused a reduction in energy intake compared with no soda and some also lost body weight<ref name="FructoseWeight2"/>.=Fructosefor Athletes=As noted in [[Nutrient Timing]], including liver damage similar the human body responds to nutrition differently when exercising. This is also true for fructose, which can be a beneficial addition to alcoholism a sports drink. Combined carbohydrate types, such as fructose, glucose or [[Maltodextrin]] are absorbed more easily than when taken in isolation<ref name="FructoseExCombMix"/>, and the creation combination of unhealthy fats as part fructose and glucose provides more carbohydrate fuel than glucose alone<ref name="FructoseExCombRoy"/><ref name="FructoseExCombRowlands"/>. While fructose alone does not improve performance in the way that glucose does<ref name="FructoseExFrucOrGluc1"/>, the combination of fructose and glucose improves performance more than glucose alone<ref name="FructoseExFrucAndGlucBoys"/>. The combination of fructose metabolismand glucose also results in better fluid absorption than either alone<ref name="FructoseExerciseHealth"/>. Larger quantities Also, some of the health issues of fructose are mitigated by exercise<ref name="FructoseFLDExcRat"/>. Fructose on its own can also cause digestive gasupsets, but the combining glucose with fructose either as sugar (sucrose) or separately dramatically improves fructose absorption<ref name="FructoseAbsorbtion"/>. Therefore a good sports drink should contain some fructose along with glucose and/or [[Maltodextrin]]. See [[Fellrnr's Go Juice]]. ==References==

<ref name="FructoseExFrucAndGlucBoys">MC. Riddell, O. Bar-Or, B. Wilk, ML. Parolin, GJ. Heigenhauser, Substrate utilization during exercise with glucose and glucose plus fructose ingestion in boys ages 10--14 yr., J Appl Physiol (1985), volume 90, issue 3, pages 903-11, Mar 2001, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181599 11181599]</ref><ref name="FructoseExFrucOrGluc1">O. Björkman, K. Sahlin, L. Hagenfeldt, J. Wahren, Influence of glucose and fructose ingestion on the capacity for long-term exercise in well-trained men., Clin Physiol, volume 4, issue 6, pages 483-94, Dec 1984, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6542834 6542834]</ref><ref name="FructoseFLDExcRat">JD. Botezelli, RF. Mora, RA. Dalia, LP. Moura, LT. Cambri, AC. Ghezzi, FA. Voltarelli, MA. Mello, Exercise counteracts fatty liver disease in rats fed on fructose-rich diet., Lipids Health Dis, volume 9, pages 116, 2010, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-9-116 10.1186/1476-511X-9-116], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20946638 20946638]</ref><ref name="FructoseWeightLeptin">Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome http://www.ajcn.org/content/76/5/911.long </ref><ref name="FructoseWeightAnimal2">SW. Rizkalla, J. Boillot, V. Tricottet, AM. Fontvieille, J. Luo, JL. Salzman, JP. Camilleri, G. Slama, Effects of chronic dietary fructose with and without copper supplementation on glycaemic control, adiposity, insulin binding to adipocytes and glomerular basement membrane thickness in normal rats., Br J Nutr, volume 70, issue 1, pages 199-209, Jul 1993, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8399102 8399102]</ref><ref name="FructoseWeightAnimal1">Differential Effects of Sucrose, Fructose and Glucose on Carbohydrate-Induced Obesity in Rats http://jn.nutrition.org/content/112/8/1546.short </ref><ref name="FructoseWeight2">Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight. http://www.ajcn.org/content/51/6/963.abstract?ijkey=9ecb2a9daf19fcdbe03490e78a64def1c95019d6&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha </ref><ref name="FructoseWeightDiabetics">Metabolic Effects of Fructose Supplementation in Diabetic Individuals http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/12/5/337.abstract?ijkey=a483f995454dcd72f638bb91b226ad8886b2f7ea&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha </ref><ref name="FructoseWeight1">Sucrose in soft drinks is fattening - Faculty of Life Sciences - University of Copenhagen http://curis.ku.dk/portal-life/en/publications/sucrose-in-soft-drinks-is-fattening%2894de5d20-a1bb-11dd-b6ae-000ea68e967b%29.html </ref><ref name="FructoseExCombMix">X. Shi, RW. Summers, HP. Schedl, SW. Flanagan, R. Chang, CV. Gisolfi, Effects of carbohydrate type and concentration and solution osmolality on water absorption., Med Sci Sports Exerc, volume 27, issue 12, pages 1607-15, Dec 1995, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614315 8614315]</ref><ref name="FructoseExCombRowlands">Effect of graded fructose coingestion with maltodextrin on exogenous 14C-fructose and 13C-glucose oxidation efficiency and high-intensity cycling performance http://jap.physiology.org/content/104/6/1709.full </ref><ref name="FructoseExCombRoy">Oxidation of combined ingestion of glucose and sucrose during exercise http://www.metabolismjournal.com/article/S0026-0495%2805%2900004-1/abstract </ref><ref name="FructoseAbsorbtion">Absorption capacity of fructose in healthy adults. Comparison with sucrose and its constituent monosaccharides. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1433856/ </ref><ref name="FructoseHFCSMercury">Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured co... [Environ Health. 2009] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19171026 </ref><ref name="FructoseHFCSJacn">The Effects of High Fructose Syrup http://www.jacn.org/content/28/6/619.long </ref><ref name="FructoseHFCSSpecies">Fructose and Cardiometabolic Disorders: The Controversy Will, and Must, Continue http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910863/ </ref><ref name="FructoseHFCSHumanTG">Triglyceride concentrations: the disaccharide effect http://www.sciencemag.org/content/206/4420/838 </ref><ref name="FructoseHFCSCarbSens">Blood insulin, glucose, fructoseand gastric inhibito... [J Nutr. 1983] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6350543 </ref><ref name="FructoseDiffTG">Comparison of free fructose and glucose to sucrose in the ability to cause fatty liver http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2805058/ </ref><ref name="FructoseInvertedSugar">Inverted sugar syrup - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup </ref><ref name="FructoseHoney">National Honey Board. "Carbohydrates and the Sweetness of Honey" http://www.alanaragonbloghoney.com/images/downloads/carb.pdf </ref><ref name="FructoseGFDiffRat">Metabolic and behavioural effects of sucrose and ... [Eur J Nutr. 2012] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21800086 </ref><ref name="FructoseSDNAFLD">Soft drinks consumption and nonalcohol... [World J Gastroenterol. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20518077 </ref><ref name="FructoseIntake">Changes in beverage intake between 1977 and 2001. [Am J Prev Med. 2004] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15450632 </ref><ref name="FructoseTappy">Fructose and metabolic diseases: new findi... [Nutrition. 2010 Nov-Dec] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471804 </ref><ref name="FructoseSSB">Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity ... [Physiol Behav. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20138901 </ref><ref name="FructoseDementia">Increased fructose intake as a... [J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20504892 </ref><ref name="FructoseHFCS8">Dietary fructose and glucose differentially affect li... [J Nutr. 2009] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19403705 </ref><ref name="FructoseLiverCollison">Diabetes of the liver: the link betw... [Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19282820 </ref><ref name="FructoseHFCS7">Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose, or high-fructose corn syrup http://www.ajcn.org/content/88/6/1733S.full </ref> <ref name="FructoseHFCS6">Effects of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose co... [Nutrition. 2007] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234503 </ref><ref name="FructoseHFCS5">No differences in satiety or energy intake after high-fructose corn syrup, sucrose, or milk preloads http://www.ajcn.org/content/86/016/1586.full </ref><ref name="FructoseHFCS4">Fructose and Satiety http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/2009/04/29/jn.108.097956 </ref><ref name="FructoseHFCS3">Sugars and satiety: does thetype of sweetener make a difference? http://www.ajcn.org/content/86/1/116.short </ref><ref name="FructoseHFCS2"> T. Akhavan, GH. Anderson, Effects of glucose-to-fructose ratios in solutions on subjective satiety, food intake, and satiety hormones in young men., Am J Clin Nutr, volume 86, issue 5, pages 1354-63, Nov 2007, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991646 17991646]</ref><ref name="FructoseHFCSMeta1"> KJ. Melanson, TJ. Angelopoulos, V. Nguyen, L. Zukley, J. Lowndes, JM. Rippe, High-fructose corn syrup, energy intake, and appetite regulation., Am J Clin Nutr, volume 88, issue 6, pages 1738S-bitter1744S, Dec 2008, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825E 10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825E], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064539 19064539]</ref> <ref name="FructoseHavel">PJ. Havel, Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism., Nutr Rev, volume 63, issue 5, pages 133-57, May 2005, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15971409 15971409]</ref><ref name="FructoseExerciseHealth">RJ. Johnson, R. Murray, Fructose, exercise, and health., Curr Sports Med Rep, volume 9, issue 4, pages 253-truth8, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e7def4 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e7def4], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20622544 20622544]</ref><ref name="FructoseNutrientDatabase">NDL/FNIC Food Composition Database Home Page http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ </ref><ref name="FructoseFructolysis">Fructolysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructolysis </ref><ref name="FructoseUricT2Diabetes"> RJ. Johnson, SE. Perez-Pozo, YY. Sautin, J. Manitius, LG. Sanchez-Lozada, DI. Feig, M. Shafiu, M. Segal, RJ. Glassock, Hypothesis: could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes?, Endocr Rev, volume 30, issue 1, pages 96-116, Feb 2009, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2008-0033 10.1210/er.2008-0033], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19151107 19151107]</ref><ref name="FructoseEpiRole"> RJ. Johnson, MS. Segal, Y. Sautin, T. Nakagawa, DI. Feig, DH. Kang, MS. Gersch, S. Benner, LG. Sánchez-Lozada, Potential role of sugar (fructose) in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease., Am J Clin Nutr, volume 86, issue 4, pages 899-906, Oct 2007, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17921363 17921363]</ref><ref name="FructoseJuiceKids">BA. Dennison, HL. Rockwell, SL. Baker, Excess fruit juice consumption by preschool-aged children is associated with short stature and obesity., Pediatrics, volume 99, issue 1, pages 15-22, Jan 1997, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8989331 8989331]</ref><ref name="FructoseLiverAssy">N. Assy, G. Nasser, I. Kamayse, W. Nseir, Z. Beniashvili, A. Djibre, M. Grosovski, Soft drink consumption linked with fatty liver in the absence of traditional risk factors., Can J Gastroenterol, volume 22, issue 10, pages 811-6, Oct 2008, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18925303 18925303]</ref><ref name="FructoseLiverOuyang">X. Ouyang, P. Cirillo, Y. Sautin, S. McCall, JL. Bruchette, AM. Diehl, RJ. Johnson, MF. Abdelmalek, Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease., J Hepatol, volume 48, issue 6, pages 993-9, Jun 2008, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2008.02.011 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.02.011], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18395287 18395287]</ref><ref name="FructoseMajorHealth">RJ. Johnson, LG. Sanchez-aboutLozada, T. Nakagawa, The effect of fructose on renal biology and disease., J Am Soc Nephrol, volume 21, issue 12, pages 2036-9, Dec 2010, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2010050506 10.1681/ASN.2010050506], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21115612 21115612]</ref><ref name="FructoseVisceralFat"> KL. Stanhope, JM. Schwarz, NL. Keim, SC. Griffen, AA. Bremer, JL. Graham, B. Hatcher, CL. Cox, A. Dyachenko, Consuming fructose-alarmismsweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans., J Clin Invest, volume 119, issue 5, pages 1322-34, May 2009, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI37385 10.1172/JCI37385], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19381015 19381015]</ref><ref name=" FructoseVisceralFatHeart">S. Yusuf, S. Hawken, S. Ounpuu, T. Dans, A. Avezum, F. Lanas, M. McQueen, A. Budaj, P. Pais, Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study., Lancet, volume 364, issue 9438, pages 937-52, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15364185 15364185]</ ref><ref name="Montague-2000">CT. Montague, S. O'Rahilly, The bitter truth about perils of portliness: causes and consequences of visceral adiposity., Diabetes, volume 49, issue 6, pages 883-8, Jun 2000, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10866038 10866038]</ref><ref name="Cox-2012">CL. Cox, KL. Stanhope, JM. Schwarz, JL. Graham, B. Hatcher, SC. Griffen, AA. Bremer, L. Berglund, JP. McGahan, Consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks reduces net fat oxidation and energy expenditure in overweight/obese men and women., Eur J Clin Nutr, volume 66, issue 2, pages 201-8, Feb 2012, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.159 10.1038/ejcn.2011.159], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952692 21952692]</ref> <ref name="FructoseAbdominal">High-fructose alarmismcorn syrup causes char... [Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219526 </ref><ref name="DeChristopherUribarri2016">L R DeChristopher, J Uribarri, K L Tucker, Intake of high-fructose corn syrup sweetened soft drinks, fruit drinks and apple juice is associated with prevalent arthritis in US adults, aged 20–30 years, Nutrition & Diabetes, volume 6, issue 3, 2016, pages e199, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/2044-4052 2044-4052], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2016.7 10.1038/nutd.2016.7]</ref><ref name="DeChristopher-2016">LR. DeChristopher, J. Uribarri, KL. Tucker, Intakes of apple juice, fruit drinks and soda are associated with prevalent asthma in US children aged 2-9 years., Public Health Nutr, volume 19, issue 1, pages 123-30, Jan 2016, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015000865 10.1017/S1368980015000865], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25857343 25857343]</ref><ref name="DeChristopher-2015">LR. DeChristopher, J. Uribarri, KL. Tucker, Intake of high fructose corn syrup sweetened soft drinks is associated with prevalent chronic bronchitis in U.S. Adults, ages 20-55 y., Nutr J, volume 14, pages 107, 2015, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0097-x 10.1186/s12937-015-0097-x], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26474970 26474970]</ref>