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→Electrical Stimulation and Wound Healing
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=Electrical Stimulation and Wound Healing=
There is some good evidence that electrical stimulation can improve wound healing<ref name="woundsinternational.com"/><ref name="McCaig-2005"/>. The mechanism may be the electrical potential of ~23 mV (10-60mV) that exists in the skin, known as the "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transepithelial_potential_difference transepithelial potential]". A skin wound causes this potential to collapse (0 mV) and an "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_of_injury injury current]" is created (~10-100 µA), which may attract or repel nearby healthy cells<ref name="Kloth2005"/>. As the wound heals, different types of cells are required which have different polarization<ref name="Kloth2005"/>. A review of the research into Electrical Stimulation for Wound Healing<ref name="Balakatounis-2008"/> indicated that the effective range is 200 to 800 µA, with underlying studies using 130 Hz, 130 μs for >30 minutes/day. The general recommendation is to apply the negative electrode close to the wound and the positive electrode proximally. One study reversed the polarity after 3 days if no infection was seen. If infection did occur than polarity was reversed 3 days after infection had subsided. After that, polarity was reversed each time healing reached a plateau. (NB, EMS devices have current in the 1-100 mA range, so the lowest setting is 1 mA or which is 1,000 µA.)
=References=
<references>
<ref name="woundsinternational.com">Electrical stimulation in wound care; Supplements; Wounds International, http://www.woundsinternational.com/supplements/electrical-stimulation-in-wound-care, Accessed on 27 November 2013</ref>
<ref name="McCaig-2005"> CD. McCaig, AM. Rajnicek, B. Song, M. Zhao, Controlling cell behavior electrically: current views and future potential., Physiol Rev, volume 85, issue 3, pages 943-78, Jul 2005, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00020.2004 10.1152/physrev.00020.2004], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15987799 15987799]</ref>
<ref name="Kloth2005">L. C. Kloth, Electrical Stimulation for Wound Healing: A Review of Evidence From In Vitro Studies, Animal Experiments, and Clinical Trials, The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, volume 4, issue 1, 2005, pages 23–44, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1534-7346 1534-7346], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534734605275733 10.1177/1534734605275733]</ref>
<ref name="Balakatounis-2008"> KC. Balakatounis, AG. Angoules, Low-intensity electrical stimulation in wound healing: review of the efficacy of externally applied currents resembling the current of injury., Eplasty, volume 8, pages e28, 2008, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18552975 18552975]</ref>
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