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* A study of 10 experienced rear foot runners were tested with shoes of varying heel flare<ref name="Clarke-1983"/>. This heel flare is how much wider the heel is at the bottom than the top, and the flared heels reduced pronation from 12.6 to 11.1 degrees (1.5 degree decrease) when compared with any heel without any flare. In practice, it's rare for a shoe to be this narrow at its base, and other studies have not shown this effect<ref name="Nigg-1987"/><ref name="Stacoff-2001"/>. [[File:Clarke-1983-Heel-Flare.jpg|none|thumb|200px]]
* The heel counter [[Heel Counter]] is intended to link the heel of the foot to the shoe, but a study found that a rigid heel counter did not prevent slippage within the shoe any better than a flexible heel counter<ref name="Gheluwe-1995"/>. Also, the pronation of the foot can be twice as large as the pronation when measured on the shoe<ref name="Stacoff-2001"/>.
* A study of 7 people compared pronation when stepping down from a platform in shoes and when barefoot<ref name="FukanoFukubayashi2014"/>. The shoe was the Adidas Response Cushion and the platform was 4 inches/10 cm high. Pronation with shoes was less (17.9 degrees) than when barefoot (20.5 degrees). However, because the reduction was so small, the study concluded that it was impractical to alter pronation with this type of footwear.
=Running Shoes & Achilles Strain =