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Created page with "There are three important Ketones involved in Ketogenic Diets, Acetoacetic acid (AcAc), Acetone, and Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB). {{Skeleton}} =Levels= * Some evidenc..."
There are three important [[Ketones]] involved in [[Ketogenic Diet]]s, Acetoacetic acid (AcAc), Acetone, and Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB).
{{Skeleton}}
=Levels=
* Some evidence from treating childhood epilepsy suggests that when blood ketones are over 2 mmol, urine ketones rise to 4+<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2037"/>.
* Urine ketone levels vary with the time of day, often being lower in the morning<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2274"/>
* The ratio between AcAc and Acetone appears reasonably constant, and is based on the spontaneous, one way decomposition of AcAc into Acetone.
* The ratio of AcAc to BOHB is rather more varied and may change with [[Ketoadaptation]].
=Example levels=
From "Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates and signals in mammalian tissues"<ref name="Robinson-1980"/>:
{| class="wikitable"
! Situation
! Ketone Levels (Blood levels of AcAc + BOHB)
|-
| Fed
| ~0.1
|-
| Fasted 12-24 Hours
| Up to 0.3
|-
| Fasted 48-72 Hours
| 2-3
|-
| Fasted 5-6 weeks (plateau)
| ~8
|-
| Post exercise
| Up to 2
|-
| Late Pregnancy
| Up to 1
|-
| Late Pregnancy, fasted 48 hours
| 4-6
|-
| Neonatal
| 0.5-1.0
|-
| Hypoglycemia
| 1-5
|-
| Controlled diabetes
| Up to 25
|}
=See Also=
{{KetoList}}
=References=
<references>
<ref name="Robinson-1980"> AM. Robinson, DH. Williamson, Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates and signals in mammalian tissues., Physiol Rev, volume 60, issue 1, pages 143-87, Jan 1980, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6986618 6986618]</ref>
<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2274">Eric. Kossoff, [http://www.amazon.com/Ketogenic-Diets-Eric-H-Kossoff/dp/1936303108 Ketogenic diets : treatments for epilepsy and other disorders], date 2011, publisher Demos Health, location New York, isbn 1-936303-10-8, Kindle Offset 2274</ref>
<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2037">Eric. Kossoff, [http://www.amazon.com/Ketogenic-Diets-Eric-H-Kossoff/dp/1936303108 Ketogenic diets : treatments for epilepsy and other disorders], date 2011, publisher Demos Health, location New York, isbn 1-936303-10-8, Kindle Offset 2037</ref>
</references>
{{Skeleton}}
=Levels=
* Some evidence from treating childhood epilepsy suggests that when blood ketones are over 2 mmol, urine ketones rise to 4+<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2037"/>.
* Urine ketone levels vary with the time of day, often being lower in the morning<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2274"/>
* The ratio between AcAc and Acetone appears reasonably constant, and is based on the spontaneous, one way decomposition of AcAc into Acetone.
* The ratio of AcAc to BOHB is rather more varied and may change with [[Ketoadaptation]].
=Example levels=
From "Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates and signals in mammalian tissues"<ref name="Robinson-1980"/>:
{| class="wikitable"
! Situation
! Ketone Levels (Blood levels of AcAc + BOHB)
|-
| Fed
| ~0.1
|-
| Fasted 12-24 Hours
| Up to 0.3
|-
| Fasted 48-72 Hours
| 2-3
|-
| Fasted 5-6 weeks (plateau)
| ~8
|-
| Post exercise
| Up to 2
|-
| Late Pregnancy
| Up to 1
|-
| Late Pregnancy, fasted 48 hours
| 4-6
|-
| Neonatal
| 0.5-1.0
|-
| Hypoglycemia
| 1-5
|-
| Controlled diabetes
| Up to 25
|}
=See Also=
{{KetoList}}
=References=
<references>
<ref name="Robinson-1980"> AM. Robinson, DH. Williamson, Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates and signals in mammalian tissues., Physiol Rev, volume 60, issue 1, pages 143-87, Jan 1980, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6986618 6986618]</ref>
<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2274">Eric. Kossoff, [http://www.amazon.com/Ketogenic-Diets-Eric-H-Kossoff/dp/1936303108 Ketogenic diets : treatments for epilepsy and other disorders], date 2011, publisher Demos Health, location New York, isbn 1-936303-10-8, Kindle Offset 2274</ref>
<ref name="Kossoff-2011-2037">Eric. Kossoff, [http://www.amazon.com/Ketogenic-Diets-Eric-H-Kossoff/dp/1936303108 Ketogenic diets : treatments for epilepsy and other disorders], date 2011, publisher Demos Health, location New York, isbn 1-936303-10-8, Kindle Offset 2037</ref>
</references>