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''Main article: [[The Science of Running Economy]]''
Studies have consistently shown that heavier shoes reduce running economy<ref name="LussianaFabre2013"/><ref name="Burkett-1985"/><ref name="Sobhani-2014"/><ref name="Wierzbinski-2011"/>. Each 100g/3.5oz added to the weight of each shoe reduces running economy by about 1%<ref name="Franz-2012"/><ref name="Wierzbinski-2011"/><ref name="Frederick 1985"/><ref name="Frederick-1984"/>. Studies of cushioning and Running Economy have provided conflicting information. I believe this conflict is due to some studies using a cushioned treadmill to compare barefoot and shod conditions. Not surprisingly, if a study uses a cushioned treadmill, the cushioning provided by the shoe does not confer any additional advantage over the barefoot condition. Analyzing the research, I conclude that a well cushioned running shoe can improve Running Economy by an estimated 2-3.5% compared with a weight matched un-cushioned shoe<ref name="Franz-2012"/><ref name="Wierzbinski-2011"/><ref name="Tung-2014"/>. Note that running shoes provide less cushioning in colder temperatures<ref name="DibSmith2005"/>. There are indications that a highly flexible shoe that is modified with a springy carbon fiber plate might be more efficient than a highly flexible shoe on its own<ref name="OhPark2017"/><ref name="Roy-2006"/>.
=Heel Counters=
The [[Heel Counter]] is intended to link the heel of the foot to the shoe,
=References=
<references>
<ref name="OhPark2017">Keonyoung Oh, Sukyung Park, The bending stiffness of shoes is beneficial to running energetics if it does not disturb the natural MTP joint flexion, Journal of Biomechanics, volume 53, 2017, pages 127–135, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/00219290 00219290], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.01.014 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.01.014]</ref>
<ref name="RichardsMagin2009">C E Richards, P J Magin, R Callister, Is your prescription of distance running shoes evidence-based?, British Journal of Sports Medicine, volume 43, issue 3, 2009, pages 159–162, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3674 0306-3674], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.046680 10.1136/bjsm.2008.046680]</ref>
<ref name="Clement-1980">DB. Clement, JE. Taunton, A guide to the prevention of running injuries., Can Fam Physician, volume 26, pages 543-8, Apr 1980, PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293616 21293616]</ref>
<ref name="Sinclair-2016">J. Sinclair, J. Richards, J. Selfe, J. Fau-Goodwin, H. Shore, The Influence of Minimalist and Maximalist Footwear on Patellofemoral Kinetics During Running., J Appl Biomech, Mar 2016, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0249 10.1123/jab.2015-0249], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26959346 26959346]</ref>
<ref name="MalisouxChambon2016">Laurent Malisoux, Nicolas Chambon, Nicolas Delattre, Nils Gueguen, Axel Urhausen, Daniel Theisen, Injury risk in runners using standard or motion control shoes: a randomised controlled trial with participant and assessor blinding, British Journal of Sports Medicine, volume 50, issue 8, 2016, pages 481–487, ISSN [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3674 0306-3674], doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095031 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095031]</ref>
<ref name="Roy-2006">JP. Roy, DJ. Stefanyshyn, Shoe midsole longitudinal bending stiffness and running economy, joint energy, and EMG., Med Sci Sports Exerc, volume 38, issue 3, pages 562-9, Mar 2006, doi [http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000193562.22001.e8 10.1249/01.mss.0000193562.22001.e8], PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16540846 16540846]</ref>
<references/>
[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Injury]]