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Created page with "=Types of Overtraining Syndrome= Overtraining Syndrome has been categorized into subtypes based on the associated symptoms<ref name="OTAdjust"/>. The subtypes are similar to ..."
=Types of Overtraining Syndrome=
[[Overtraining Syndrome]] has been categorized into subtypes based on the associated symptoms<ref name="OTAdjust"/>. The subtypes are similar to those seen in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders DSM] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustment_disorder adjustment disorder] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder Major Depression]. These categories can help us understand [[Overtraining Syndrome]], even though there is [[All models are wrong|no clearly defined separation]].
=Overreaching=
Some writers distinguish between 'Overreaching' (AKA 'non-functional overreaching') and '[[Overtraining Syndrome]] based on the time it takes to recover. The writers define overreaching as taking between a few days and two weeks<ref name="OTPhysioReview"/><ref name="OTEcssPos"/>. Overtraining Syndrome is then defined as a recovery period of at least two weeks<ref name="OTPhysioReview"/>, but often months<ref name="OTEcssPos"/> and sometimes years<ref name="OTDepression "/>. However, this categorization does not seem useful, as there are no other distinctions other than recovery period.
=Overtraining with depression=
[[Overtraining Syndrome]] has similarities with clinical depression<ref name="OTBrainMarathon"/> <ref name="OTDepression"/>]<ref name="OTMentalStigma"/>. There are several signs, symptoms, brain structures, newer transmitters, endocrine pathway dysfunctions, and immune system responses that are shared between [[Overtraining Syndrome]] and major depression<ref name="OTDepression"/><ref name="OTMentalStigma"/>. There are reports of successfully treating [[Overtraining Syndrome]] with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenergic_and_specific_serotonergic_antidepressant serotonergic antidepressants]<ref name="OTMentalStigma"/> and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor SSRI antidepressants] <ref name="OTDepression"/>. Alberto Salazar returned to competitive racing after 10 years of disabling [[Overtraining Syndrome]] after taking Prozac<ref name="OTDepression"/>. It could be argued that OTS and Major Depression are actually the same illness]<ref name="OTMentalStigma"/>. Exercise tends to protect against depression and other mental illnesses, but that does not give athletes complete immunity]<ref name="OTMentalStigma"/>. These benefits is somewhat undermined by the fact that athletes tend to be even more susceptible to undue diagnosis and inadequate treatment for depression and other mental illnesses]<ref name="OTMentalStigma"/>. Of course, due to the complexities of diagnosing [[Overtraining Syndrome]], the possibility that an athlete is suffering from clinical depression rather than [[Overtraining Syndrome]] must always be considered.
=Overtraining with anxiety or anxiety with depression=
[[Overtraining Syndrome]] is assocated with mood changes<ref name="OTMoodStates"/> <ref name="OTMoodAcute"/>, including anxiety<ref name="OTAnxiety"/>. This mixture of depression and anxiety can cause the athlete to feel significantly nervous, jittery, or worried and may feel tearful or hopeless at times<ref name="OTAdWithMixedAnx"/>.
=Overtraining with disturbances of conduct=
Overtrained athletes commonly exhibit irritability, decreased motivation, and cynicism towards their sport, and for many this can manifest as behavioral difficulties in interpersonal relationships<ref name="OTAdjust"/>. This can even result in reckless and abusive behavior<ref name="OTAdjust"/>.
=Overtraining with mixed disturbances of emotions and conduct=
This subtype combines aspects of the disturbances of mood with the disturbances of conduct. As well as depression and anxiety, the athlete may show signs of anger and hostility, with violent outbursts and difficult interpersonal relationships<ref name="OTAdjust"/>.
=Sympathetic and parasympathetic overtraining=
Some authorities separate [[Overtraining Syndrome]] into two types; sympathetic and parasympathetic. However there does not seem to be significant support for this classification<ref name="OTPhysioReview"/>.
=Volume, Intensity, Aerobic and Anaerobic =
It has been suggested that [[Overtraining Syndrome]] with high-volume is different to [[Overtraining Syndrome]] with high intensity<ref name="OTDepression"/>. Likewise, it is been suggested that aerobic and anaerobic sports have different characteristics of [[Overtraining Syndrome]]<ref name="OTPhysioReview"/>. However support for the segregation is largely anecdotal.
=References=
<references>
<ref name="OTEcssPos">Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the Overtraining Syndrome http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/tejs/2006/00000006/00000001/art00001 </ref>
<ref name="OTAdjust">Taylor & Francis Online :: Adjustment Disorder: a new way of conceptualizing the overtraining syndrome - International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology - Volume 2, Issue 2 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17509840903110962 </ref>
<ref name="OTBrainMarathon">Monitoring and titrating symptoms : a science-bas... [Sports Med. 2007] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465621 </ref>
<ref name="OTDepression">The unknown mechanism of the overtraining syndrom... [Sports Med. 2002] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11839081 </ref>
<ref name="OTMoodStates">Mood states as an indication of staleness and recovery - UQ eSpace http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:57590 </ref>
<ref name="OTMoodAcute">Psychological and immunological correlates of acute overtraining. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1332084/ </ref>
<ref name="OTAnxiety">Signs of overload after an intensified trai... [Int J Sports Med. 2011] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21380974 </ref>
<ref name="OTMentalStigma">The stigmatisation and denial of mental illness in athletes -- Schwenk 34 (1): 4 -- British Journal of Sports Medicine http://www.msscentershop.info/content/34/1/4.extract </ref>
<ref name="OTAdWithMixedAnx">Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood http://us-md.com/cms/medical-info/medical-information/10-adjustment-disorder-with-mixed-anxiety-and-depressed-mood.html </ref>
<ref name="OTPhysioReview">Physiological Perspective of Endurance Overtraining – A Comprehensive Update http://ajms.alameenmedical.org/article_vol05-1-jan-mar-2012/AJMS.5.1.2012%20P%207-20.pdf </ref>
</references>
[[Overtraining Syndrome]] has been categorized into subtypes based on the associated symptoms<ref name="OTAdjust"/>. The subtypes are similar to those seen in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders DSM] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustment_disorder adjustment disorder] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder Major Depression]. These categories can help us understand [[Overtraining Syndrome]], even though there is [[All models are wrong|no clearly defined separation]].
=Overreaching=
Some writers distinguish between 'Overreaching' (AKA 'non-functional overreaching') and '[[Overtraining Syndrome]] based on the time it takes to recover. The writers define overreaching as taking between a few days and two weeks<ref name="OTPhysioReview"/><ref name="OTEcssPos"/>. Overtraining Syndrome is then defined as a recovery period of at least two weeks<ref name="OTPhysioReview"/>, but often months<ref name="OTEcssPos"/> and sometimes years<ref name="OTDepression "/>. However, this categorization does not seem useful, as there are no other distinctions other than recovery period.
=Overtraining with depression=
[[Overtraining Syndrome]] has similarities with clinical depression<ref name="OTBrainMarathon"/> <ref name="OTDepression"/>]<ref name="OTMentalStigma"/>. There are several signs, symptoms, brain structures, newer transmitters, endocrine pathway dysfunctions, and immune system responses that are shared between [[Overtraining Syndrome]] and major depression<ref name="OTDepression"/><ref name="OTMentalStigma"/>. There are reports of successfully treating [[Overtraining Syndrome]] with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenergic_and_specific_serotonergic_antidepressant serotonergic antidepressants]<ref name="OTMentalStigma"/> and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor SSRI antidepressants] <ref name="OTDepression"/>. Alberto Salazar returned to competitive racing after 10 years of disabling [[Overtraining Syndrome]] after taking Prozac<ref name="OTDepression"/>. It could be argued that OTS and Major Depression are actually the same illness]<ref name="OTMentalStigma"/>. Exercise tends to protect against depression and other mental illnesses, but that does not give athletes complete immunity]<ref name="OTMentalStigma"/>. These benefits is somewhat undermined by the fact that athletes tend to be even more susceptible to undue diagnosis and inadequate treatment for depression and other mental illnesses]<ref name="OTMentalStigma"/>. Of course, due to the complexities of diagnosing [[Overtraining Syndrome]], the possibility that an athlete is suffering from clinical depression rather than [[Overtraining Syndrome]] must always be considered.
=Overtraining with anxiety or anxiety with depression=
[[Overtraining Syndrome]] is assocated with mood changes<ref name="OTMoodStates"/> <ref name="OTMoodAcute"/>, including anxiety<ref name="OTAnxiety"/>. This mixture of depression and anxiety can cause the athlete to feel significantly nervous, jittery, or worried and may feel tearful or hopeless at times<ref name="OTAdWithMixedAnx"/>.
=Overtraining with disturbances of conduct=
Overtrained athletes commonly exhibit irritability, decreased motivation, and cynicism towards their sport, and for many this can manifest as behavioral difficulties in interpersonal relationships<ref name="OTAdjust"/>. This can even result in reckless and abusive behavior<ref name="OTAdjust"/>.
=Overtraining with mixed disturbances of emotions and conduct=
This subtype combines aspects of the disturbances of mood with the disturbances of conduct. As well as depression and anxiety, the athlete may show signs of anger and hostility, with violent outbursts and difficult interpersonal relationships<ref name="OTAdjust"/>.
=Sympathetic and parasympathetic overtraining=
Some authorities separate [[Overtraining Syndrome]] into two types; sympathetic and parasympathetic. However there does not seem to be significant support for this classification<ref name="OTPhysioReview"/>.
=Volume, Intensity, Aerobic and Anaerobic =
It has been suggested that [[Overtraining Syndrome]] with high-volume is different to [[Overtraining Syndrome]] with high intensity<ref name="OTDepression"/>. Likewise, it is been suggested that aerobic and anaerobic sports have different characteristics of [[Overtraining Syndrome]]<ref name="OTPhysioReview"/>. However support for the segregation is largely anecdotal.
=References=
<references>
<ref name="OTEcssPos">Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the Overtraining Syndrome http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/tejs/2006/00000006/00000001/art00001 </ref>
<ref name="OTAdjust">Taylor & Francis Online :: Adjustment Disorder: a new way of conceptualizing the overtraining syndrome - International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology - Volume 2, Issue 2 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17509840903110962 </ref>
<ref name="OTBrainMarathon">Monitoring and titrating symptoms : a science-bas... [Sports Med. 2007] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465621 </ref>
<ref name="OTDepression">The unknown mechanism of the overtraining syndrom... [Sports Med. 2002] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11839081 </ref>
<ref name="OTMoodStates">Mood states as an indication of staleness and recovery - UQ eSpace http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:57590 </ref>
<ref name="OTMoodAcute">Psychological and immunological correlates of acute overtraining. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1332084/ </ref>
<ref name="OTAnxiety">Signs of overload after an intensified trai... [Int J Sports Med. 2011] - PubMed - NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21380974 </ref>
<ref name="OTMentalStigma">The stigmatisation and denial of mental illness in athletes -- Schwenk 34 (1): 4 -- British Journal of Sports Medicine http://www.msscentershop.info/content/34/1/4.extract </ref>
<ref name="OTAdWithMixedAnx">Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood http://us-md.com/cms/medical-info/medical-information/10-adjustment-disorder-with-mixed-anxiety-and-depressed-mood.html </ref>
<ref name="OTPhysioReview">Physiological Perspective of Endurance Overtraining – A Comprehensive Update http://ajms.alameenmedical.org/article_vol05-1-jan-mar-2012/AJMS.5.1.2012%20P%207-20.pdf </ref>
</references>